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Sprawca przestępstwa oszustwa asekuracyjnego – spojrzenie kryminologiczne

100%
Buczkowski K.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
2008
|
issue XXIX-XXX
81-92
2
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Oszustwo asekuracyjne (art. 298 k.k.) w praktyce wymiaru sprawiedliwości

100%
Buczkowski K.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
2013
|
issue XXXV
213-246
EN
The insurance market is the area of business where fraud is attempted most frequently. Most painful to insurers are undue claims filed for damages under insurance contracts. Insurance related crimes are socially accepted, hence not condemned within a community. Despite their considerably harmful social potential, they are not sufficiently prosecuted, which partly stems from the conduct of insurance companies, who – in consideration of their positive image – are not eager to admit that they have fallen victims to fraud. This article presents a broad analysis of statistical data on the crime under Article 298 of the Penal Code and presents results of research on pretrial proceedings and cases concluding with court verdict ruling against the perpetrator of an insurance fraud. An analysis of the statistical data showed a significant decrease (since 2007) in the number of proceedings instigated under Article 298 Penal Code. The reason behind this phe-nomenon may be that this type of acts are classified as crime under Article 286 Penal Code, i.e. 'classic' fraud. Generally speaking, proceedings instigated under Article 298 Penal Code have accounted for a very low percentage of all proceedings over the entire decade – 0.02%. The aim of the criminological research presented in the article was to show the practical side of protecting the insurance market against fraudulent conduct of insured parties; also to attempt to find out if the penal regulation is appropriate, if prosecution under Article 298 Penal Code is correct, and finally, if any changes: be them legislative, to prosecution or penal policies, are necessary to provide effective protection for the insurance industry. In the file research conducted, the key assumption was to cover a possibly largest group of events defined as insurance fraud. In stage 1 of the research, the proceedings included all those conducted between 1995 – 2003 under Article 4 of the Trade Protection Act of 12.10.1994 and under Article 298 Penal Code (the Penal Code, as of the day of its enforce-ment, i.e. 1st Sept. 1998, invalidated the relevant provision of the aforesaid Act). As stage 2, court proceedings conducted in 2008 were examined, i.e. five years after completion of the core stage of the research. The aim of stage 2 analysis was to compare and define changes in insurance fraud prosecution policies and manners in which the fraud was committed. The results show that the prospects for rendering the provisions of Article 298 Penal Code useful in providing a penal framework in the Polish law system for dealing with 'specialised' crimes, aiming at protection of the insurance industry, have proven unrealistic. The regulations concerning the offence in question did not become the main tool for countering undue claims of property insurance, including vehicle insurance.
3
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Przestępstwa ubezpieczeniowe w międzywojennej Polsce

71%
Kasperski W.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 13 (2)
29-55
EN
This article is an attempt to introduce the problem of insurance fraud faced by Polish insurers during the twenty-year period between World Wars I and II. The author defines insurance fraud and posits causes of the origination of this phenomenon. It shows the influence of the economy on the insurance market and the interdependence between economic changes and the amount of insurance fraud. In the article, the author portrays the insurers’ struggles with different forms of fraud, most frequently arson with a goal of swindling compensation. In addition to theory, the author introduces a number of cases conducted by investigatory agencies and judicial courts regarding insurance fraud. A precise analysis is presented of the ways in which insurers guarded against payment of undue compensation, and the method in which they compensated for losses. Additional analysis is made of the criminal regulations operating in the inter-war period. The author also portrays the preventive measures taken by insurers along with firefighters and police who were specially prepared to fight against insurance fraud. Finally, an estimate is made of the economic consequences of insurance fraud, and the conclusion is made that on the one hand it is necessary to fight against insurance fraud with every possible means in order to limit its occurrence to a minimum, while on the other hand, it is impossible to completely win against the pathology existing in the insurance market.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia problemu oszustw ubezpieczeniowych, z jakimi borykali się ubezpieczyciele w Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. Autor definiuje oszustwo ubezpieczeniowe i przedstawia przyczyny powstawania tego zjawiska. Analizuje wpływ gospodarki na rynek ubezpieczeń oraz zależność pomiędzy zmianami występującymi w gospodarce, a ilością oszustw ubezpieczeniowych. W artykule autor ukazuje zmagania ubezpieczycieli z różnego rodzaju oszustwami, gdzie pierwszeństwo stanowi podpalenie mienia mające na celu wyłudzenie odszkodowania. Poza teorią, autor przedstawia wiele spraw prowadzonych przez organa śledcze i sądy powszechne, dotyczących oszustw ubezpieczeniowych. Dokładnej analizie poddano sposoby, jakimi ubezpieczyciele zabezpieczali się przed zjawiskiem wypłaty nienależnego odszkodowania, a także – w jaki sposób rekompensowali poniesione już straty. Analizie poddano również przepisy karne obowiązujące w dwudziestoleciu. Wskazano również na działalność prewencyjną ubezpieczycieli prowadzoną łącznie ze strażami ogniowymi oraz specjalnie przygotowanymi do walki z oszustwami ubezpieczeniowymi jednostkami policji. Na koniec ocenie poddano konsekwencje ekonomiczne oszustw ubezpieczeniowych i wysnuto wniosek, że z jednej strony z oszustwami asekuracyjnymi należy walczyć wszystkimi możliwymi sposobami, aby ograniczyć jego występowanie do minimum, zaś z drugiej strony, że z patologią występującą na rynku ubezpieczeniowym w całości wygrać nie można.
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