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Constructions of the Other in Polish Fantasy Literature

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EN
Even though it often follows the heroic cycle of Campbell’s monomyth, because it is exomimetic, fantasy literature lends itself to the presentation of characters who are set apart from society by their nature, not just by their heroic status. These are characters such as wizards, who in fantasy are often elevated from the position of secondary characters they held in fairy tales to the stories’ protagonists. This makes fantasy works a good vessel for a discussion of the problems of otherness. As the genre evolves, the presentation of the Other becomes more complex. In modern works they are often portrayed as the Other on multiple levels. As readers have become more accustomed to Tolkienian wizards, dwarves, or rangers set apart from human society, the protagonists of modern fantasy stories are often made the Other to their own in-groups. The article presents a number of such characters from selected modern Polish fantasy novels and short story cycles.
EN
The paper attempts to suggest re-reading literary texts from the perspective of the interconnections between settings and individuals in the process of forging the latter’s place-identity. This environmental concept, meant to foreground the importance of the place for the development of the sense of the self, is to be operated with in a selection of books authored by the Scottish mystery writer, M.C. Beaton.
Gender Studies
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 1
93-105
EN
The paper analyses some aspects of South African science fiction, starting with its beginnings in the 1920s and focusing on some 21st century writings. Thus Lauren Beukes’ novels Moxyland (2008) and Zoo City (2010) are taken into consideration in order to present new trends in South African literature and the way science fiction has been marked by Apartheid. The second South African science fiction writer whose writings are examined is Henrietta Rose-Innes (with her novel Nineveh, published in 2011) as this consolidates women's presence in the SF world.
EN
The paper introduces the xenology as a useful perspective in the sport studies. If focuseson ‘the Other’ category as the key idea of sociology. At the same time, ‘the Otherness’remains a constant feature of sport. In effect, ‘the Other’ analysis becomes a socio-psychologicalbackground of sport analysis. The text considers five elements of the xenological‘Other’s’ characteristic in sport terms. Those are the Strangeness, the Meeting, the Sign ofthe ‘Ourness’ limits, the Experience and the Feeling of fear and desire. That approach explainsmany important sport aspects: aggression, fans’ behavior, rivalry and co-operation,group-thinking syndrome. The xenology gives a new perspective in the sport studies andit provides some new research ideas.
EN
Tolerance is an imperfect human response to human imperfectness, and is revealed, among other phenomena, in an inevitably subjective character of the criteria which we use in making moral choices. Freedom of citizens in the face of law entails freedom of accepting one’s own hierarchy of values, within the area encircled by the borderlines of the rule of respect to the freedom of others. Tolerance which is defined in that way is a mode of conflict-free co-existence of representatives of various cultural, religious world-views traditions in a global society. It should be implemented in legal norms as well as by public institutions.
PL
The paper introduces the xenology as a useful perspective in the sport studies. If focuseson ‘the Other’ category as the key idea of sociology. At the same time, ‘the Otherness’remains a constant feature of sport. In effect, ‘the Other’ analysis becomes a socio-psychologicalbackground of sport analysis. The text considers five elements of the xenological‘Other’s’ characteristic in sport terms. Those are the Strangeness, the Meeting, the Sign ofthe ‘Ourness’ limits, the Experience and the Feeling of fear and desire. That approach explainsmany important sport aspects: aggression, fans’ behavior, rivalry and co-operation,group-thinking syndrome. The xenology gives a new perspective in the sport studies andit provides some new research ideas.
EN
This paper deals with the cosmopolitan, Anglophone institution of a youth theatre among Anglophone migrants in the Czech Republic. While Anglophone migrants are privileged due to the English language and its position in the globalized world, all children and young people with migrant parents struggle with establishing their position among their peers, where it is essential to be included. In the Czech context of a homogeneous society, Anglophone teenagers are often considered different and their position in a peer group may be questioned. When the teenagers enjoy the Anglophone, safe environment of the youth theatre, what makes them ‘other’ in the outside world makes them ‘normal’ in the theatre group and strengthens their cosmopolitanism. The homogeneity of Czech society pushes them into more privileged social landscapes.
EN
The aim of this article is to present women’s experiences, considered as different, different frommen’s, unarticulated earlier and therefore marginalised. The material subjected to interpretation hasbeen selected from autobiographical texts by women, created at the beginning of the 21st century.The authors are representatives of various professions related mainly to the media sphere, such aswriters, actresses, singers, journalists, but also sportswomen or simply “known for being known”celebrities. They talk about education in patriarchy, being doomed to perform specific social roles,and their addiction to men and family.
EN
The article concerns the represenation of exclusion and marginalization in the works by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki. The poems show the interaction of autobiographical references with the author’s own reflections upon poetic artistry and the ways of representing otherness. Also Tkaczyszyn-Dycki’s close relationship with his mother becomes a constituting element which forms the myth of his poetic identity.
EN
The paper analyses the new perspectives in Nadine Gordimer’s writings, focusing on her post-Apartheid works. The concepts of home, relocation, cultural diversity, violence and the issue of the Other are examined, as they represent the key factors in defining and understanding South Africa and its multicultural and multiracial communities.
EN
Perception of other people is influenced mainly by the social categorization processes. Otherness depend on the culture the perceiver was raised in, the socio-political situation of his or her country, and on the individual factors such as: cognitive abilities and cognitive habits, emotions, or the need for closure. The current studies were conducted in the group of 300 students from 18 to 19 years old. It has been showed that the disadvantaged person is perceived mostly in the negative way, that is through their disabilities, disorders and illnesses, which are thought to be interfering with the realization of the needs, aspirations, values or a good social position. In students opinion the disability creates many problems in the social functioning, gaining acceptance of others, or in starting new relationship with normal - able persons. It has been concluded that the outcomes of the current study should be implemented in the education processes, especially of these students who are planning to become teachers or special educators in the future.
13
88%
EN
At the beginning, the author presents some basic intuitions determining the necessity for philosopher’s reflections on not only numerical singularity, but also individuality. Then he considers briefly four selected types of individuality, namely: anything existing, the universe, a person and the Absolute. Nevertheless, for different reasons, in each of these cases it is possible to assume an impossible to fully express entity, that is, individuality. The next part develops the idea of a person’s individuality which stays directly linked with his or her permanent act of self-creation. The essence of the act would lie in a radical distinction between the person and any other human being as well as in generating the own, absolute personal otherness. At more accurate, largely speculative characteristics of this act it turns out to be necessary to redefine such categories like duty, responsibility, trust.
EN
The article surveys trends in multilingual European theatre in the last decade. It outlines artistic, pedagogical and institutional practices that try to revive the multilingual traditions of European theatre, reflect the diversity of the different European present(s), and imagine futures while searching for otherness-friendly hospitality. The overview grows out of my research project Multilingual Dramaturgies: Towards New European Theatre, which was based on qualitative interviews with artists whose practices concentrate in Europe, and whose voices and languages stretch across Italy, Denmark, England, Sweden, France, Vietnam, Wales, Poland, Germany, Lithuania, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, the Czech Republic, Cuba, USA, Brazil, Austria, Argentina and Croatia.
EN
The possible future of mankind features prominently among SF topics. Despite a long record of failures, like unsuccessful grappling with the scourge of war, present day humanity has come a long way to assume a degree of unity it has never enjoyed before. The process of globalization has its anti-globalist opponents, but its idealistic aim is a better world without racial, social, economic and in some areas even national barriers separating people. This picture of multiracial, multicultural but otherwise ontologically uniform humanity amounts to a vision of a sentient species that is close to achieving its mature form. However, what may look like the final stop of our journey is treated by both the advocates (e.g. Ray Kurzweil) and critics (e.g. Fukuyama) of humanity’s trans/posthuman development as the beginning of a new stage of our existence. A question arises if the new paths of evolution involve a danger that humans will fall victim to a policy of metaphysical laissez faire that will put the race’s unity and continuity in jeopardy. Will the old walls of racial prejudice and social inequality between people that we have striven to break down be replaced by new ones? The objective of this paper is to use Bruce Sterling’s Shaper/Mechanist universe as a literary illustration of the new barriers that the prospective trans/posthumanity may have to face and seek to surmount or leave behind.
EN
Magnus, a novel from Sylvie Germain published in 2005, is a narration made up of several marks of hybridity – structural, generic and discursive hybridity. Those marks are not simply formal but emphasize the necessity of a true presence towards the world and others. The itinerary of the character is a spiritual one, and the novel reveals the part played by reading and writing in the reconsideration of our relationship towards the world and the other people.
EN
The article examines the figure of the spy-alongside themes related to espionage-as employed in two books by the Northern Irish writer Ciaran Carson (1948–2019): the volume of poems For All We Know (2008) and the novel Exchange Place (2012). Carson’s oeuvre is permeated with the Troubles and he has been hailed one of key writers to convey the experience of living in a modern surveillance state. His depiction of Belfast thematizes questions of terrorism, the insecurity and anxiety it causes in everyday life, as well as the unceasing games of appearances and the different ways of verifying or revising identities. In Carson’s later work, however, these aspects acquire greater philosophical depth as the author uses the themes of doubles, spies, and makeshift identities to discuss writing itself, the construction of subjectivity, and the dialogic relationship with the other. Taking a cue from Paul Ricoeur’s and Julia Kristeva’s conceptions of “oneself as another,” the article examines how Carson’s spy-figures can be read as metaphors for processes of self-discovery and identity-formation, tied to the notion of “self-othering.” Carson employs the figure of the spy-who juggles identities by “donning” different clothes or languages-to scrutinize how one ventures into the dangerous territory of writing, translation and love, as well as to reconsider notions of originality and self-mastery. Ultimately, Carson conceptualizes literature as specially marked by deceptions and metamorphoses, defining in these terms the human condition.
EN
Research on the adulthood of people with disabilities is still scarce. In the article the results of a qualitative research project involving the use of three individual, indepth semistructured interviews and a narrative analysis approach are presented. The authors show the everyday life of adults with disabilities, which is not thrown into the scheme, because it distances itself from stereotypes. Positive self-perception of these people – depicted in narratives – is visible in their perception of adulthood, which is implemented in the same way as in the case of the able-bodied, so that’s the adulthood with prospects of self-realization. Difficulties implied by disability become insignificant.
EN
The article is a review of Krystyna Pietrych’s book Co poezji po bolu. Empatyczne przestrzenie lektury (Łodż 2009) [What good pain and suffering bring in poetry. Emphatic dimensions of reading]. Since the reviewed book presents a bold and, to a large extent, novel approach to personalistic reading - based on a subjective, compassionate experience of an encounter with uncognizable and unreductible otherness of tormented man-poet, the reviewer focuses on the issues viewed as the most important for the method of emphatic reading adopted by the author. E. Winiecka analyses aesthetical and epistemological, as well as axiological possibilities and risks that emphatic criticism opens up for reexamination. Formulates her own opinion on the analytical method used by K. Pietrych in examining poetry, which is a recording of one’s mind in agony and suffering experienced by seven authors: Aleksander Wat, Zbigniew Herbert, Miron Białszewski, Stanisłw Barańzak, Janusz Szuber, as well as Julian Przybośand Anna Swirszczyńka. Outlines the methodological perspectives of the discussed work that traces the stages in the formation of literary depiction and representation of suffering. The text is also an attempt at defining and indicating the cognitive perspectives of emphatic criticism.
EN
A certain percentage of disabled children are not raised in their biological families. It happens more and more often that the place of residence of such a child is not an institution but the adoptive or foster family. Increased prevalence of this type of families makes the study of this area of functioning of children with disabilities more and more important. The paper covers the issue of dealing with a child’s difference by their adoptive/foster parents. The difference has its source e. g. in a disability. The empirical part of the article is the result of qualitative research conducted with parents from 20 adoptive/foster families that raise a child with a disability (this is a part of a broader research project conducted by the authors with these families). The analysis of the interviews shows the ways to discover the otherness, the difference of the child, the ways to accept this otherness, and the importance they ascribe to the otherness of the child.
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