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A side effect of a university boom: rising incidence of overeducation among tertiary educated workers in Poland.

100%
Baran J.
Economics and Business Review
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2018
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vol. 4(18)
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issue 2
41-63
EN
This paper analyses changes in overeducation incidence in Poland in 2006‑2014. It finds that a rise in number of tertiary educated workers outpaced an increase in number of jobs requiring tertiary education, which resulted in a substantial growth of overeducation incidence. The overeducation increase was driven mainly by mild overeducation rather than severe overeducation. Overeducated workers are usually young with little job experience. Women are found at lower risk of severe overeducation compared to men, but relatively more at risk of mild overeducation. A low risk of overeducation is associated with having studied technical and health programmes.
2
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Zjawisko przeedukowania i inflacji dyplomu akademickiego – na przykładzie spo-łeczeństwa amerykańskiego

100%
Sobczak A.
Studia Edukacyjne
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2018
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issue 49
431-444
EN
Democratization and massification of higher education has resulted in the appearance of a disadvan-tageous phenomenon known as the overeducation of society. The term refers to a situation in which there is a surplus of people with higher education in relation to the needs of the society and the labor market. This has led to academic diploma inflation, which does not have such a high value as it used to and currently does not guarantee professional success and high social status. The aim of the article is to present selected aspects of this problem in American society. In this study, the definitions of the eponymous phenomenon are presented as well as statistical data and the main trends regarding the overeducation of the society in the United States.
3
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RACJONALNE INWESTYCJE CZY ZŁUDNE NADZIEJE: NADWYŻKA WYKSZTAŁCENIA NA POLSKIM RYNKU PRACY

100%
Kiersztyn A.
Polityka Społeczna
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2011
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vol. 38
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issue 1(442)
7-14
EN
This article analyzes the incidence and dynamics of overeducation on the Polish labor market. It is based on data from a panel survey (POLPAN), conducted on a representative random sample of individuals aged over 20 in the years 1998–2008. According to the data from the last panel wave, currently around one out of five Polish workers are in occupations below their skill level. The incidence of such mismatches increased almost threefold since 1988. Further analyzes found that overeducation was characterized by relatively high persistence. The risk of persistent overschooling was several times higher among the youngest cohorts of respondents.
4
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Educational Mismatches and Earnings in Poland: Are Graduates Penalised for Being Overeducated?

88%
Wincenciak L.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
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2016
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issue 46
145-167
EN
Qualification mismatch is defined as the difference between the level of qualifications held by employees and those required by the type of work they do. Basing on Kiker et al. (1997), a measure of overeducation and undereducation is proposed on the basis of the ISCO 08 classification of occupations. The dominant education level is determined for a given occupation’s 3-digit group on the basis of the distribution of education levels for employees in that occupation. Each individual having exactly the dominant level of education is considered well-matched. Those with higher levels of education are considered overeducated, those with lower levels − undereducated. An extended Mincer wage regression model with Heckman correction for non-random selection is estimated, using LFS data for Poland for the second quarter of 2013. Significant wage penalties are found in cases of overeducation status, along with positive wage premia for being undereducated, this confirming findings to be noted in the literature of other countries. Applying an approach after Duncan and Hoffman (1981), I find significant positive returns to years of overschooling and negative for underschooling. Young participants on the labour market (graduates) are less penalised for being overeducated, which suggests their overeducation is not necessarily a manifestation of lower ability.
5
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Wage Effects of Overeducation: Evidence from Poland

88%
Broniatowska P.
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
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2021
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issue 1
6

Educational mismatch in the Czech Labour Market

88%
Mysíková M.
Review of Economic Perspectives
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 2
103-120
EN
Educational mismatch in labour markets is a phenomenon that has been widely analysed, mainly with respect to rising concerns about a possible oversupply of graduates. Like most European countries, the Czech Republic has experienced a boom in tertiary education in the last decade. The incidence and determinants of over- and undereducation vary substantially depending both on the mismatch measurement approach and the data source applied. Educational mismatch is also reflected in wage levels: overeducated workers have lower wages and undereducated workers have higher wages than workers with the same education whose jobs match their education level. Second, overeducated workers earn more and undereducated workers earn less than their co-workers with exactly the required level of education. The effects are qualitatively the same regardless of the data source and measurement approach applied, but their sizes differ slightly.
7
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(Re)konstrukcja kryteriów przyjmowania do pracy w warunkach neoliberalnego społeczeństwa

75%
Sobczak A.
Studia Edukacyjne
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2019
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issue 52
213-226
EN
The aim of the article is to indicate the criteria for hiring in the current neoliberal society and the requirements of modern employers towards people applying for employment. The text discusses the main assumptions of neoliberal ideology in the context of the functioning of individuals in the labor market and their careers. The notions of academic diploma inflation and overeducation are also defined. The article indicates that today in many cases formal qualifications are an absolute minimum in the recruitment process, and for employers, apart from formal credentials, crucial are the behavioural and personality aspects of potential candidates.
8
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WPŁYW NIEDOPASOWAŃ KWALIFIKACYJNYCH NA WYNAGRODZENIA ABSOLWENTÓW W POLSCE

63%
Wincenciak L.
Polityka Społeczna
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2016
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vol. 43
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issue 3(504)
7-12
EN
The qualification mismatch is understood as the difference between the level of qualifications and/or the competence possessed by employees and those required by the type of job performed. Large scale of qualification mismatch is often a manifestation of a suboptimal allocation of resources in the economy. The inefficiency of this kind may raise the question of the rationality of spend­ing public resources on education. From the point of view of employers – the existence of a large gap between the skills possessed by potential employees and the requirements of the jobs pose multiple problems like: raising the costs of recruitment, costs of testing and revealing the actual productivity of workers, costs of training for bridging the gaps. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of horizontal mismatches (formally the same level of education, but different qualifications) and vertical mismatches (possessing different level of education than required by the type of job performed) on the earnings of graduates in Poland. The data source comes from a unique study conducted as a part of special research project carried out at the Institute for Educational Research – “Social and economic determinants of educational choices of people aged 19–30″. The definitions of mismatches are based on employees’ self-assessment. The main findings are negative wage premia to horizontal mismatch – the higher, the greater the magnitude of this mismatch. However, in the case of vertical mismatch, a positive wage premium is found for those having education levels lower than required in the current job (undereducation) and negative premium related to the fact of performing jobs that require lower levels of education than currently held by graduates (overeducation).
PL
Niedopasowania kwalifikacyjne i/lub kompetencyjne (qualification mismatch) rozumiane są jako różnica między poziomem kwalifikacji i/lub kompetencji posiadanych przez pracowników oraz wymaganych przez rodzaj pracy przez nich wykonywanej. Niedopasowania kwalifikacyjne są świadectwem nieoptymalnej alokacji zasobów w gospodarce. Nieefektywność tego rodzaju może z kolei stawiać pytanie o racjonalność wydatkowania publicznych środków na edukację. Z punktu widzenia pracodawców istnienie dużego rozdźwięku między kwalifikacjami posiadanymi przez potencjalnych pracowników a wymaganiami danego stanowiska pracy stwarzają problemy wielorakiego rodzaju: podnoszą koszty rekrutacji, wymagają testowania i ujawniania rzeczywistej produktywności pracowników, wymagają dużych nakładów na szkolenia i zdobywanie brakujących umiejętności. Badanie na pod­stawie danych zgromadzonych w ramach projektu prowadzonego w Instytucie Badań Edukacyjnych pt. „Społeczne i eko­nomiczne uwarunkowania wyborów osób w wieku 19–30 lat dotyczących studiowania” ujawniają, że około 30% absolwentów charakteryzuje się niedopasowaniem wertykalnym, zaś około 35% absolwentów z wykształceniem wyższym deklaruje niedopasowanie horyzontalne do aktualnie wykonywanej pracy. Oba zjawiska mają swoje konsekwencje dla wynagrodzeń, co w dłuższej perspektywie może również wpływać na wartość i stopę zwrotu z wykształcenia.
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