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EN
Inventories, i.e. registers containing the number and value of material elements of a given object or business entity, have often been used in historical research. A lot of historians have written about the value of historical sources of that kind which allow to see a given image from the past more clearly and precisely. The author reconstructs the condition of the 1788 farm in Miejsce, making use of the local inventory.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between ownership structure and the level and scope of internationalization of Polish listed companies. Methodology: The analysis is based on quantitative methods (regression analysis). Findings: The study revealed that there is no statistically signifi cant relationship between concentration of ownership and the internationalization of companies. However, there is a relationship between ownership category and internationalization. Research implications: The research results suggest that the organizational context (and especially ownership structure) should be taken into account in resource-based theories of internationalization. Originality: The paper makes three important contributions in the fi eld of International Business. Firstly, it incorporates the organizational context into the resource-based models of internationalization, thus contributing to the debate on the role of ownership structure in the internationalization strategy (Tihanyi et al., 2003) by showing the specifi c context of an emerging economy at an early stage of its investment development path. Secondly, it is probably the fi rst attempt to analyze the relationship between ownership structure and the internationalization of Polish companies. Thirdly, it presents the results of one of the few research studies conducted in Central and Eastern Europe regarding the specifi c population of publicly-listed companies.
EN
In the paper, we examine the impact of ownership structure on dividend policy and shareholder value in non-financial companies from construction sector in Poland. More specifically, by distinguishing between financial and non-financial shareholders, we verify the involvement of financial institutions in company ownership and how it translates into changes in major dividend and shareholder value indicators. Our results show that the presence of financial investors in the ownership structure has a positive impact on probability that the company will pay out dividends, what is symptomatic for financialisation. However, there is not enough evidence to support similar conclusion regarding shareholder value creation.
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EN
Existi ng literature has not yet defi ned a clear-cut relati onship between ownership structure and capital structure. This study aims to contribute to this controversial argument by examining the impact of internal (managerial) ownership and external ownership on fi nancing preferences using the case of non-fi nancial fi rms listed on Karachi stock exchange during the period of 2008-2012. Our results suggest that the external ownership has a signifi cant eff ect on capital structure in accordance with the presence of blockholders. In contrast, the internal ownership has a complicated eff ect; it shows signifi cant positi ve and negati ve relati onship to leverage at lower and certain higher proporti on of managerial shareholding respecti vely. Besides, the combined analyses suggest that the presence of blockholders negates the impact of managerial ownership on capital structure. This implies that the presence of large and dominant shareholders in Pakistani fi rms may have caused a bias for debt fi nancing to protect their voti ng power and returns.
EN
The aim of this article is to summarize the results of published researches conducted in the area of influence of ownership forms on companies and financial performance and to highlight the specifics of these relations in the environment of transition economies. Several authors have documented greater efficiency of private companies compared to state-owned. According to different studies, an alternative option for transition economies is foreign ownership. Recent studies show that the effect of ownership forms on companies and financial performance is more significant in Eastern European countries compared to developed countries. However, study results are often contradictory, therefore they require additional research.
EN
This article tackles the problem of the ownership structure of the enterprises managing airports. The process of privatization of certain airports that has recently been conducted in France provoked a discussion about the possible effects of this process. The critical report of the Court of Auditors (Cour des Comptes), published after the privatization of the airports in Toulouse, Nice and Lyon, as well as the strong opposition to the privatization of Group ADP (managing the airports in Paris), leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to verify if the legal measures adopted in European Union’s and national legal systems are efficient and adequate to ensure the proper functioning of airports after privatization.
EN
The authordiscussesand evaluatesmethods formeasuringthe level ofinformation asymmetry in enterprises depending on their ownership structure. Information asymmetryis asourceofprocesses such as adverseselectionandmoral hazard, the author says. An appropriate ownershipstructure in companiescanbe usedto reducethe negative effects of an information asymmetry. Thearticle examines ways of measuring information asymmetryinterms of the data needed for such measurements and therisk that a givenmeasure will be inaccurate. The author concludes that, in large-scaleresearch,direct measurements ofthe levelof information asymmetryareoftenimpossibleandthe results mustbeapproximated. When planningresearchit is necessary totake into account therange ofdataneededtousea specific measureand therisks related to the inaccuracy ofmeasurements, Kubiak says. When examining the relationship between information asymmetry and a company’s ownership structure, researchers should arrange enterprises according to the relativelevel ofinformation asymmetry, he adds. According tothe author, this can bedone by developing a compositemeasure of information asymmetryonthebasis of specificindicators usingthe linear ordering method. Such a procedureshouldreduce theriskof improperclassificationof companiesaccording to thelevel of information asymmetry, Kubiak says.
EN
This study posits that the declining industry is a good institutional environment to examine the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance of Vietnamese securities firms. This downturn decreases the return on investment of the industry and creates incentives for managers to expropriate shareholders more severely. In addition, different groups of shareholders recognizing the status of the industry may have their own reactions which are likely to affect firm performance. Using pooled OLS regression with a sample of 240 observations from 56 Vietnamese securities firms over the period from 2009 to 2016, we find supporting evidence of convergence-of-interest with a significantly negative relationship between insider ownership and profitability. In addition, foreign ownership is also positively related to firm performance. Firm size affects positively firm performance while number of employees has a negative impact on profitability.
EN
The aim of the article is to verify a hypothesis of the ownership structure influencing the dividend strategy of companies listed at both main stock and alternative markets of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. In order to evaluate the hypothesis, dynamic panel Lintner’s partial adjustment models with individual random effects have been estimated by means of instrument variables method, separately for each of the five company groups specified due to their ownership structure. Each one has systematically paid out dividends in the years 2012-2016. The results confirm that the dividend strategies of companies significantly depend on their ownership structure. Companies controlled by strategic investors had the highest dividend payout ratio, whereas the ones controlled by institutional investors — the lowest.
PL
Celem artykułu jest weryfikacja hipotezy o wpływie struktury akcjonariatu na strategie dywidendowe spółek notowanych na rynkach głównym i alternatywnym Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Do weryfikacji tej hipotezy zastosowano model częściowych dopasowań Lintnera. Dynamiczne modele panelowe z losowymi efektami indywidualnymi estymowano metodą Instruments Variables, oddzielnie dla pięciu wyodrębnionych pod względem struktury akcjonariatu grup spółek, które systematycznie wypłacały dywidendy w latach 2012–2016. Otrzymane wyniki potwierdziły, że strategie dywidendowe spółek w sposób istotny zależą od ich struktury właścicielskiej. Zdecydowanie najwyższą docelową stopą wypłaty dywidendy charakteryzują się spółki kontrolowane przez inwestorów strategicznych, natomiast najniższą spółki kontrolowane przez inwestorów instytucjonalnych.
EN
Research background: The conducted empirical research on the influence of the degree of ownership concentration in the employee?owned companies on their sales revenues thematically fits into the issue of efficiency of the direct privatisation method, in particular giving a state?owned enterprise for use against payment. Purpose of the article: The main goal of this article is to verify the research hypothesis stating that in employee?owned companies an increase in the degree of ownership concentration leads to an increase in sales revenues. Methods: The empirical studies were carried out on a sample of 15 employee-owned companies from Mazowieckie Province, which concluded the agreement of giving a state?owned enterprise for use against payment from 2000 to 2004 and using the data from financial statements handed in by these entities to the National Court Register for a ten?year period after the privatisation year. The verification of research hypothesis was based on the estimation of a Cobb?Douglas production function by Ordinary Least Squares method for two variants, differing in the way of measuring the degree of ownership concentration in investigated employee?owned companies. Findings & Value added: The research hypothesis formulated in this paper was verified negatively as the increase in the degree of ownership concentration in employee?owned companies caused the decrease in their sales revenues. The conducted empirical research also suggests that sales revenues in examined employee?owned companies peak at some intermediate/optimal level of ownership concentration.
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2019
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vol. 22
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issue 2
101-115
EN
The political and economic reforms in Russia since the beginning of the 1990s have made it possible to build a new economic system. Over more than 25 years, this system has evolved under the influence of, among others, economic and financial crises, which resulted in changes in the role of the state, ownership structure and the specificity of the corporate sector. The main goal of the paper is to identify the key elements and features of the economic system in Russia in the specified stages of its evolution and to indicate the perspectives of changes. To achieve this goal, an in-depth analysis was made of the literature and statistical data. The author puts forward the thesis that there are still some premises of the evolution of the economic system in Russia which resulted from the need for structural changes and the exhaustion of the current model of economic growth. However, in the immediate future, the economic system in Russia will not evolve significantly because of the economic stability and the lack of political will to make significant reforms.
EN
This research examines the offshorization level of the bank capital of Ukraine. We consider the offshorization level of the bank capital as the weight of the share capital, formed in/through states that are considered to be offshore centers according to the Ukrainian legislation or to the data of OECD. The results indicate that 12,10% of the bank capital of Ukraine is formed not transparently, but through offshores; the most popular places to form their capital by banks are BVI and Cyprus; some typical schemes of the ownership structure are described; the indicator of the offshorization level of the bank capital calculated according to the Ukrainian legislation is much lower than according to the OECD report and reaches only 3,00% that shows that substantial changes to the Ukrainian legislation that regulates the transparency standards are needed.
EN
Using data on Poland’s 50 largest banks-ranked by Bank Miesięcznik Finansowy in June 2007-the author calculated indicators of efficiency for 23 Polish banks. These indicators were calculated for 2006 according to a key Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model known as the SE-CCR. On the basis of data on the banks’ shareholding structure by country of origin and type of ownership-as well as data on when the banks were established-the author checked if individual groups of banks differed from one another in the average level of efficiency. Guzik used the Kruskal-Wallis test to this end. He also developed a model to explain the relationship between efficiency in the sense of CCR super-efficiency and the ownership structure of banks and their age. Overall, the paper shows that privately held banks controlled by foreign shareholders and established after 2000 are far more efficient than banks owned by domestic shareholders and established before 2000, especially if they are controlled by the state.
EN
On the basis of an unbalanced panel of 105 public companies listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange in the period 2006-2010 we document that, on average, family firms are less likely to use hedging instruments and they use them less extensively than non-family firms. Moreover, for family firms we observe significantly stronger relation between risk exposure measures such as foreign sales percentage or financial leverage and the scale of hedging instruments used. Our findings do not confirm the conventional wisdom of above-average risk-aversion of family firms. The differences between family and non-family firms in the use of hedging instruments should be rather explained on the basis of agency theory and agency costs.
PL
Na podstawie analizy danych panelowych dotyczących 105 spółek notowanych w latach 2006-2010 na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie zaobserwowaliśmy, że skłonność i skala wykorzystania instrumentów zabezpieczających w spółkach rodzinnych jest przeciętnie niższa niż w spółkach nierodzinnych. Dodatkowo dla spółek rodzinnych zaobserwowaliśmy silniejszą niż dla spółek nierodzinnych zależność pomiędzy zmiennymi charakteryzującymi ekspozycję na ryzyko (takimi jak udział sprzedaży zagranicznej w przychodach oraz poziom dźwigni finansowej) a skalą zabezpieczeń. Wyniki naszych badań nie potwierdzają powszechnie panującego poglądu o szczególnej awersji do ryzyka w spółkach rodzinnych. Uzasadnienia zaobserwowanych pomiędzy spółkami rodzinnymi a nierodzinnymi różnic w zakresie wykorzystania instrumentów zabezpieczających należy szukać na gruncie teorii agencji i związanych z nią problemów.
PL
W artykule rozpatrzono ujęcie patriotyzmu gospodarczego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem patriotyzmu konsumenckiego jako pojęcia węższego. Przedstawiono przebieg transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce ze wskazaniem licznych jej nieprawidłowości. Opisane zostały mechanizmy przepływów wartości w zglobalizowanej gospodarce wolnorynkowej, wpływ decyzji poszczególnych podmiotów na działanie mechanizmu rynkowego i zgodność idei patriotyzmu konsumenckiego z obecnym systemem gospodarczym. Pochylono się także nad problematyką identyfikacji polskich produktów oraz wskazano pozytywny wpływ omawianych idei patriotyzmu na rozwój krajowej przedsiębiorczości.
EN
The article examines the concept of economic patriotism with particular emphasis on consumer patriotism as a narrower term. The author presented political transformation in Poland and indicated its numerous irregularities. He described mechanisms of values’ flow in a globalized free market economy, the impact of individual decisions made by actors on the market mechanism and compatibility of the idea of consumer patriotism with the current economic system. The paper analyzes also the issues of Polish products’ identification and indicates a positive impact of the discussed ideas of patriotism on the development of domestic entrepreneurship.
EN
Family farm sector in Polish agriculture is characterised by a very negative area structure. Acceleration of ownership changes in agriculture, especially via transfer of agricultural holdings to this sector from the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury, which was set up mainly on the basis of property from liquidated state-owned farms (PGR), was to contribute to strengthening the sector and improvement in its structure. This paper aims to evaluate the implementation of the goal. The research covers the 1990-1996 period, i.e. up to finalisation of primary distribution of Agricultural Property Stock. The analysis covered the main assumptions on how to distribute the property stock and effects of realisation of these assumptions. Later, changes in ownership, legal and area structure were analysed, especially changes in the individual farm groups, which were at that time described as family farms. Conducted analysis demonstrated that the planned effects were reached only to a small degree. Family farm sector has decreased. There has been a clear polarisation in the area structure of this sector. Average area of a farm in the sector increased only slightly. However, the sector of large-area farms owned by private or legal persons has increased significantly (beside cooperative farms, which existed prior to system transformation period).
EN
The aim of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that ownership structure has strong influence on strategy and performance of commercial banks in Central and East European countries, however the strength and character of this relationship depends on macroeconomic environment. The study was carried out for banks operating in eight CEE countries and was based on comparative analysis of ten financial ratios, describing three crucial areas of banking activity: investment strategy, efficiency and safety. The dataset covers the period 2004–2013, divided into three sub-periods, to reflect the changing macroeconomic conditions. The additional research question is how the ownership structure should be defined, by relating to origin of the capital, or rather type of strategic investor. To address this question, two classifications were adopted for all quantitative analyses. The empirical results confirmed the impact of ownership structure on banks’ decisions, for both classifications, as well as the sensitivity of this relationship to the prevailing macroeconomic conditions.
PL
W artykule weryfikacji empirycznej poddano hipotezę badawczą, że struktura własnościowa ma wpływ na strategię i wyniki banków komercyjnych w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, jednak siła i charakter tego oddziaływania są uzależnione od warunków makroekonomicznych. W tym celu banki komercyjne z ośmiu krajów ESW poddano analizie porównawczej z wykorzystaniem 10 wskaźników obrazujących trzy kluczowe obszary analityczne: strategię inwestycyjną, efektywność i bezpieczeństwo. Analizę dla okresu 2004–2013 przeprowadzono w trzech podokresach odzwierciedlających zmieniające się warunki makroekonomiczne. W artykule sformułowano także pytanie badawcze: czy, definiując strukturę własnościową, bardziej istotne jest uwzględnienie pochodzenia kapitału większościowego czy charakteru inwestora strategicznego. W celu odpowiedzi na to pytanie w badaniach zastosowano równolegle dwie klasyfikacje banków, oparte na powyższych kryteriach. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły istotne zróżnicowanie między grupami banków reprezentującymi różną formę własności, zarówno w przypadku odwołania się do pochodzenia kapitału, jak i charakteru właściciela większościowego. Różnice te nie miały charakteru stabilnego, ale ich natężenie nasilało się lub słabło w zależności od sytuacji makroekonomicznej.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest omówienie wstępnych wyników badań, dotyczących uczestnictwa inwestorów instytucjonalnych w systemie nadzoru korporacyjnego w Rosji. Inwestorzy instytucjonalni odgrywają znacząca rolę w rynkach kapitałowych wybranych krajów rozwiniętych. Ich rola stopniowo rośnie również dla krajów rozwijających się, w tym Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Powstanie i rozwój grupy inwestorów instytucjonalnych w Rosji możliwe było przede wszystkim dzięki rozpoczęciu procesu prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw państwowych. Początkowo w roli inwestorów instytucjonalnych występowały w Rosji tzw. czekowe fundusze inwestycyjne. Ich pozycja nie była jednak znacząca w rozwoju systemu nadzoru korporacyjnego z uwagi na cele ich tworzenia oraz dominującą rolę menedżerów i banków. Pierwsza dekada XXI w., pomimo rozwoju rynku finansowego, kapitałowego i korzystnej koniunktury gospodarczej do 2008 r., również nie przyniosła wzrostu znaczenia inwestorów instytucjonalnych w sektorze korporacyjnym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań własnych dotyczących struktury własności największych spółek publicznych w Rosji. Wskazują one na względnie niski udział inwestorów instytucjonalnych we własności badanych firm. Ich rola w systemie nadzoru korporacyjnego jest jednak ograniczona z uwagi na wybrane cechy tego systemu w Rosji, jak silna pozycja dominujących akcjonariuszy, oparcie kontroli korporacyjnej o połączenie własności i zarządzania, niski poziom przestrzegania praw akcjonariuszy mniejszościowych.
EN
The main goal of the article is to discuss the initial results of research concerning institutional investors participation in corporate governance in Russia. Institutional investors play significant role in capital markets of selected developed economies. Their role is rising in developing economies, including Central and Eastern Europe, too. Development of institutional investors in Russia was possible mainly because of privatization process. At the beginning, in Russia there were created cheque investment funds. Their role in corporate governance development wasn’t significant because of the dominant position of managers and banks. The first decade of 21st century, despite of financial market development and economic prosperity until 2008, the role of institutional investors in corporate sector wasn’t significant, too. The article contains the own research results if ownership structure in the biggest public companies in Russia. They present the relative low participation of institutional investors in ownership. Their role in corporate governance is restricted because of strong position of dominant shareholders, combination of ownership and control and relative low standards of complying the minority shareholders rights.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze the scope of state ownership and to compare the financial results of the 500 largest non-financial enterprises in 12 Central and Eastern European countries. The data is for enterprises listed as “Coface - CEE Top 500” in 2014. The question posed in this article is: “Does the form of ownership relate to the financial results of enterprises?” In the case of 70 of these 500 enterprises, the state is either a majority or minority owner, but it invariably exercises supervisory control. Most of these state-owned enterprises are Polish (24) and Slovak (9). They dominate in network sectors. In order to identify the interdependencies between the form of ownership and the financial results of an enterprise, the authors calculated the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, t-test statistics for two independent samples, and the values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test comparing the structure in the two groups of subjects. Statistically important differences in the values of the financial ratios achieved by the enterprises-depending on their form of ownership-were also demonstrated. State-owned enterprises have a higher profit margin and a higher level of fixed assets, but a lower level of the net turnover ratio and a lower level of revenue compared with private companies.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie zakresu własności państwowej i porównanie wyników ekonomicznych 500 największych przedsiębiorstw niefinansowych z 12 krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej znajdujących się na liście „Coface - CEE Top 500” w 2014 r. Stawiane jest pytanie, jaki jest związek pomiędzy formą własności a osiąganymi przez przedsiębiorstwa wynikami ekonomicznymi. Wśród 500 analizowanych przedsiębiorstw ustalono, że w przypadku 70 przedsiębiorstw państwo jest właścicielem większościowym lub mniejszościowym, ale sprawującym kontrolę nadzorczą. Najwięcej przedsiębiorstw państwowych pochodzi z Polski (24) i Słowacji (9). Przedsiębiorstwa te dominują w sektorach sieciowych. W celu wykazania zależności pomiędzy formą własności przedsiębiorstwa a osiąganymi przez nie wynikami obliczono współczynniki korelacji liniowej Pearsona, statystyki testu t dla dwóch prób niezależnych i wartości testu Kołmogorowa-Smirnova porównującego strukturę w dwóch grupach podmiotów. Wykazano statystycznie istotne różnice w wysokości osiąganych przez przedsiębiorstwa wskaźnikach finansowych w zależności od formy własności. Zgodnie z uzyskanymi wynikami przedsiębiorstwa państwowe charakteryzują się m.in. wyższym wskaźnikiem zyskowności brutto przychodów operacyjnych, wyższym poziomem majątku trwałego zaś niższym poziomem wskaźnika obrotu kapitału netto czy przychodów w stosunku do firm sektora prywatnego.
PL
Celem artykułu była próba weryfikacji zależności między obecnością instytucji finansowych w strukturze właścicielskiej spółek budowlanych notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie a wartością dla ich akcjonariuszy. Bazując na segmentacji akcjonariuszy na inwestorów instytucjonalnych i nieinstytucjonalnych, określono ich wpływ na zmiany wskaźnika TSR oraz indeksu MVA – wykorzystano w tym celu modele logitowe oraz analizę danych panelowych. Przeprowadzone analizy objęły lata 2004–2014 i wszystkie krajowe spółki sektora budowlanego, które były notowane na GPW w Warszawie na koniec 2014 r. Uzyskane wyniki zasadniczo potwierdziły – zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do indeksu MVA – że obecność w strukturze akcjonariatu inwestorów instytucjonalnych zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo, iż dana spółka będzie podążać ścieżką tworzenia wartości dla akcjonariuszy. Dodatkowo wyniki analiz ujawniły, że inwestorzy instytucjonalni mają pozytywny wpływ na to kryterium wartości. Fakt ten może być symptomem finansyzacji spółek w badanym sektorze.
EN
The study examines how the presence of financial institutions in the ownership structure of non-financial corporations affects shareholder value. Based on the segmentation of shareholders (institutional and non-institutional investors), their impact on changes in the TSR and the MVA index was examined using logit models and panel data analysis. The analysis covers the years 2004–2014 and all the national construction companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange at the end of 2014. The results confirm, particularly with respect to the MVA, that the presence of institutional investors in the shareholder structure increases the likelihood that the company will maximise shareholder value. It also revealed that institutional investors had a positive impact on this value criterion. This fact may be a symptom of financialisation in the construction sector.
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