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EN
Sources and methods. There are some different methods used by archaeologists in order to establish a ranking of grave assemblages, ordered by their more or less subjectively estimated “richness”. The scope of presented paper is an evaluation of these techniques. For this purpose more then 500 grave inventories were analysed, originating from two large cemeteries dated back to the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age transition and located in Southern Poland (Fig. 1). Four absolute methods of scoring (total number of objects made of stone, metal or bone, number of functional categories, “quantity index” – subjective scoring based on the criterion of production cost, approximate weight of metal objects) as well as two relative ones (“splendour index”, “scarcity index”) were subsequently implemented and compared one another. Results. Results obtained by using all techniques are comparable. Correlation indexes counted separately for pairs of different rankings fluctuate usually from 0.8 to 0.9 (Fig. 4-6). It allows us to claim, that in the case of both cemeteries the largest and the most internally diverse grave assemblages, contain also the rarest, the heaviest and the most laborious and material consuming objects. It allows us also to distinguish four separate groups of “richness”, represented on both cemeteries (Fig. 4-5). The “poorest” one is represented by the majority of inventories (about 60%), which may be seen as a “norm” and were equipped with 3-4 vessels of different functional types and sometimes additionally small metal objects (e.g. earrings) as well as burials completely devoided of equipment (about 20-30%). Subsequent analyses showed that number of vessels occurring in grave inventories does not correlate in any way with indexes of their “richness”. However, other interesting correlation is possible to find. Namely, the number and quality of vessels seems to alter among subsequent age categories of deceased (Fig. 9). Particularly, a tendency is observed, that children older then four years are supposed to be equipped often with the whole “adult” set of vessels (cup, bowl, pot and sometimes vase), whilst younger ones got no pottery or only one or two cups. Planigraphy of the sites (Fig. 11-12) showed that burials representing first three groups of “richness” tend to concentrate in small clusters, despite of the facts that they are not restricted to any individual part of the cemeteries. Discussion and conclusions. The last part of of the paper discusses the reliability of grave analyses as a source for studies on social hierarchies within past societies. In relation to cemeteries in question the following interpretation is proposed (with reference to the costly signaling model). All additional objects within grave inventories (i.e. those, which exceeded the “norm”) ware not only the equipment of deceased, but can be linked to conspicuous behaviours in which the giver displayed to the audience (participants of the burial ceremony), that he or she posses an important, but normally hidden attribute. During this ceremonies the precious gift – the token was irreversibly exchanged for immaterial symbolic capital. Although the person of giver is hidden to us, we may speculate about his or her motivation by tracing what was given (the nature of objects which played the role of grave-gifts), to whom was it given (what kind of social relation was supposed to be emphasised by giver) and where, or better in front of whom the giving was performed? On the methodological level, obtained results allow to stress the advantages of both relative methods („splendour index” and “scarcity index”), which combined each other provide the most complementary picture of diversity patterns within collections of grave assemblages.
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EN
Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, according to ancient authors, was supposed to have come from Cyprus, where her oldest known temple was located in Palaepaphos. However, the alleged process of transforming the local Cypriot deity into the Hellenic Aphrodite is difficult to trace. Without questioning her Cypriot roots, this article focuses on the issue of the origins of her presence in the Greek pantheon of deities, proving that Aphrodite was from the beginning a strictly Greek (Greek-Cypriot) and not a Levantine deity, whose worship was only secondarily influenced by the cult of Astarte, before she eventually became part of the pantheon of deities revered by the Greeks.
PL
Afrodyta, grecka bogini miłości i piękna, już wg. autorów starożytnych wywodzić się miała z Cypru, gdzie znajdowała się jej najstarsza znana świątynia w Palaepaphos. Domniemany proces przekształcenia lokalnego bóstwa cypryjskiego w helleńską Afrodytę jest jednak trudny do prześledzenia. Nie podważając jej cypryjskich korzeni, niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na kwestii genezy jej obecności w greckim panteonie bóstw, dowodząc, iż Afrodyta była od początku bóstwem sensu stricto greckim (greko-cypryjskim), a nie lewantyńskim, którego kult  jedynie wtórnie uległ wpływom kultu Astarte, nim ostatecznie bogini ta stała się częścią panteonu bóstw czczonych przez Greków.
EN
The article summarises the results of study of archaeological materials from excavations carried out in the years 1976-1989 on two burial mound cemeteries from the late Bronze Age in Dolice, Stargard district, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The first of the necropolises, marked as site 30, is situated on a hilly, upper part of a moraine height, in the immediate vicinity of the Mała Ina River valley. About 20 burial mounds in earthen and stone construction were registered here, reaching a diameter of 4 to 16 m at the circular base. The graves stretch in a strip, in at least three perceptible clusters. Only two of them were excavated (Fig. 3). A much wider second Dolice cemetery, marked as site 40, was located on a gentle slope of a moraine elevation, occupying an area of about 1.5 ha. About 80 graves, characterised by varying diameters, ranging from 3 to 25 m, are located along the NW – SE axis at 400 m long section. Seven of them and 63 flat graves occurring in the spaces between the burial mounds were excavated (Fig. 4). Recognised to a small extent burial mounds in Dolice are very important for the research on burial rites in the late Bronze Age in West Pomerania, because they are the best-studied funeral sites from this part of the prehistory in the region. On the necropolis Dolice 40 relics of very interesting sepulchral architecture were unearthen, which is characterised by diversity of internal structures of mounds (boxes, stone cores, corridor leading to the burial chamber), as well as the presence of flat stone cist graves in the spaces between them in the form of miniaturised circles. They are accompanied by practices of intentional destruction of burial furnishing (breaking of vessels) and shredding of cremated human bones, scattered in mounds in the form of layered burials with no urns. These phenomena, unheard of in general and alien in the neighbouring Lubusz-Greater Poland environment of the Lusatian urnfields, and also recorded in other parts of Pomerania, require a broader analytical and comparative study using sources from trans-Odra River areas (Vorpommern, Mecklenburg, North Brandenburg) and then from the Danish islands, Jutland, Skåne and the Baltic Islands (Bornholm, Gotland, Öland).
PL
W artykule podsumowano wyniki opracowania materiałów archeologicznych pochodzących z badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych w latach 1976-1989 na dwóch cmentarzyskach kurhanowych z późnej epoki brązu w Dolicach, pow. stargardzki, woj. zachodniopomorskie. Pierwsza z nekropoli, oznaczona jako stanowisko 30, usytuowana jest na pagórkowatej, górnej części garbu wzniesienia morenowego, w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie doliny Małej Iny. Zarejestrowano tutaj około 20 kurhanów o kamienno-ziemnej konstrukcji nasypu, osiągających u kolistej podstawy średnicę od 4 do 16 m. Mogiły ciągną się pasem, w co najmniej trzech czytelnych skupiskach. Wykopaliskowo zbadano tylko dwie (ryc. 3). Znacznie rozleglejsze drugie cmentarzysko dolickie, zaszeregowane pod numerem 40, zostało posadowione na łagodnym stoku wzniesienia morenowego, zajmując powierzchnię około 1,5 ha. Na zorientowanym według osi NW – SE odcinku o długości 400 m leży około 80 mogił, charakteryzujących się zróżnicowaną średnicą nasypów, sięgającą od 3 do 25 m. Wykopaliskowo zbadano 7 z nich oraz 63 groby płaskie występujące w przestrzeniach między mogiłami (ryc. 4). Rozpoznane w niewielkim stopniu cmentarzyska kurhanowe w Dolicach mają bardzo duże znaczenie dla studiów nad obrządkiem pogrzebowym z późnej epoki brązu na Pomorzu Zachodnim, są bowiem najlepiej zbadanymi stanowiskami funeralnymi z tego odcinka pradziejów w regionie. Na nekropoli Dolice 40 ujawniono relikty bardzo interesującej architektury sepulkralnej, którą cechuje zróżnicowanie wewnętrznych konstrukcji kurhanów (skrzynie, jądra kamienne, korytarz prowadzący do komory grobowej), a także obecność w przestrzeniach między nimi płaskich grobów w obstawach kamiennych o formie zminiaturyzowanych wieńców. Towarzyszą im praktyki intencjonalnego niszczenia inwentarza grobowego (rozbijanie naczyń) oraz rozdrabniania skremowanych kości ludzkich, rozsypywanych w kurhanach w postaci bezpopielnicowych pochówków warstwowych. Zjawiska te, w ogóle niespotykane i obce w sąsiednim, lubusko-wielkopolskim środowisku łużyckich pól popielnicowych, a odnotowane również w innych częściach Pomorza, wymagają podjęcia szerszych studiów analityczno-porównawczych z wykorzystaniem źródeł pochodzących z obszarów zaodrzańskich (Pomorze Przednie, Meklemburgia, północna Brandenburgia), a w dalszej kolejności z wysp duńskich, Jutlandii, Skanii oraz wysp bałtyckich (Bornholm, Gotlandia, Olandia).
PL
Skarb odkryty został przez społecznego konserwatora zabytków latem 2020 roku na głębokości 0,4 m. Składa się z naszyjnika kołnierzowatego oraz czterech bransolet, które spoczywały jedna na drugiej wewnątrz naszyjnika zbudowanego z dziewięciu obręczy o różnych rozmiarach. Najbliższą analogią jest okaz z bogatego skarbu z IV okresu epoki brązu odkrytego w Bad Oldesloe, Kr. Stormarn. Cztery bransolety, tak samo datowane, należą do zestawu, który był noszony jako całość. Wykazują one pewne podobieństwa do znalezisk ze środkowych Niemiec. Depozyt odkryto w torfie – został złożony bez pojemnika na brzegu dawnego stawu.
EN
The hoard was discovered in the summer of 2020 by a voluntary heritage conservationist at the depth of 0.4 m below the surface. The deposit consisted of a neck-collar and four bracelets. They were stacked on top of each other and placed inside the neck-collar which consisted of nine neck-rings of different size. The closest parallel was found in a rich hoard from Period IV that was discovered in Bad Oldesloe, Kr. Stormarn. The four arm-rings were worn together as a set. They show some connections to the finds from central Germany. The hoard was deposited without any container on the shore of a now dried-up pond.
EN
The article focuses on a winged axe of the Linowno type from the town of Święte, Stargard district. Issues concerning the typology and the area where this type of tools was recorded were also discussed. The study is supplemented with results of the metallurgical analyses.
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