Hrabal often emphasizes that his work is firmly anchored in reality. He says that it is based either on what had happened to him, or what he had heard from other people and had identified with to such an extent that he merged in with it. This emphasis on the indivisible link between literature and real life is strongest in his later autobiographical and essayistic texts in which he writes directly about himself and not through narrators or literary characters as he did previously. In these texts he also thinks more systematically about what it means to be a writer, how he himself developed as a writer and what his objectives were in writing and in life in general. Characteristically, these texts cannot be reduced to what Hrabal says to us in them, as he frequently stylizes himself in various forms and makes use of a number of other typically literary techniques. What Hrabal writes about and how and why he keeps coming back to the problem of the relationship between literature and life is a sign of his efforts to come to terms with what is weighing him down. For him literature becomes a kind of adaptive strategy to deal with his chronic inability to be in the present moment.
This article is devoted to intratextual, auto-intertextual, and intertextual research on rhetorical figures of literary repetition from the perspective of the 'emotional turn' in contemporary literary studies, based chiefly on the research of Gernot Böhme (b. 1937) and of Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht (b. 1948). A key concept of repetition here is textual strategy, how to evince the latent, concealed, and elusive elements of the text. The staarting point of the text consists not only in the latent phenomenon of atmosphere as a phenomenon of perception, but also, indeed in particular, in the question of the production of the atmospheres of the means of poetic language (the 'textual atmosphere' aspect), the question of the reproduction or quotation of the textual atmosphere (the 'intertextual atmospheres' aspect), and the question of 'intermedia migration' of atmospheres amongst the spheres of music and literature (the 'intermedia atmosphere' aspect). The article seeks to demontrate the operative potential of the proposed concepts first in an analytical part, which considers research on one 'atmospheric' verse from the poem 'Homesick Blues' by Langston Hughes (1902-1967) and its individual repetitions in the lyric verse of Ivan Blatný (1919-1990), Josef Kainar (1917-1971), and Miroslav Holub (1923-1998). The last part of the article focuses on problems of repetition as seen by adherents of structuralism and deconstruction, and proposes to understand repetition more broadly as oscillation not only between the poles of iterativity and iterability, but also between sense (Sinn) and presence (Präsenz).
Jan Mukařovský (1891-1975) is a character who does not need to be introduced to Polish humanists. Recognized as a leading representative of structuralism, the so-called Prague School has its place in the history of literary theory, as well as the entire school of thought. Most of Mukařovsky’s texts, as well as those by others from Prague, which we know today as articles in magazines or books, were given at the meetings of the Prague Linguistic Circle as lectures. The presence of Czech structuralism, including the work of Jan Mukařovský, is not a closed issue in Poland. In the article, we will trace the Polish presence of his texts from the 1940s to the latest translations by Aneta Daszuta, which also contain critical studies and those are Zamierzone i niezamierzone w sztuce (Warsaw 2014) and Studia semiologiczne (Warsaw 2017).
CS
Jan Mukařovský (1891-1975) je postava, kterou není třeba polským humanitním vědcům představovat. Uznávaný za předního představitele strukturalismu tzv. pražské školy má své místo v pracích o dějinách literární teorie, stejně jako celý směr. Většina Mukařovského textů, i jiných Pražanů, které dnes známe jako články v časopisech nebo knižní publikace, byla jako referáty přednesena na shromážděních Pražského lingvistického kroužku. Přítomnost českého strukturalismu, včetně prací Jana Mukařovského, v Polsku nepředstavuje uzavřenou otázku. V článku budeme sledovat polskou přítomnost jeho textů od 40. let 20. století po poslední překlady Anety Daszuty, které jsou vlastně kritickou edicí, jde o Zamierzone i niezamierzone w sztuce (Warszawa 2014) a Studia semiologiczne (Warszawa 2017).
PL
The subject of the analysis is the presence of Jan Mukarovsky’s texts in the field of Polish literary theory and aesthetics. The achievements of Czech structuralism, of which he was an outstanding representative, seem to be indisputable, since to this day they are a more or less conscious element of modern knowledge about literature. The Czech structuralism heritage still amazes and intrigues with its scale, and it undoubtedly continues to be a grateful object of research by Polish theoreticians and translators.
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