There are many Czech surnames motivated by parts of human or animal body. Some of them are connected with sexual or fecal activities. These surnames are pejorative and many of them were changed during the time and disappeared from our onymic system. This article is focused on surnames which are meant to be obscene only by a folk etymology but their real origin is different and they have nothing to do with vulgar common nouns. However, the pressure of the folk etymology is so strong that many people rather change their surname not to be objects of jokes and notes about their names.
This paper focuses on urbanonyms (street names) in the Czech borderland town of Jeseník in the context of 20th-century history. In the Middle Ages the town of Jeseník (part of the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic) was settled by Germans who became a majority of the population (thus most names were of German origin). This changed after 1945, when the Germans were expelled from the Czech borderlands and the town was resettled by Czechs from other regions, Slovaks, and returning émigrés. As a Czechoslovak town, Jeseník was part of the Eastern bloc until 1989. Street names are dependent on (political) developments in the society, therefore they were quite unstable and developed in a specific way in the Czech borderlands; in the post-1945 period this process involved Czechization and renaming. Currently just 16% of the original (pre-war) urbanonyms have been preserved (from the semantic point of view). This is especially due to the frequent use of street names for commemorative purposes during the post-1945 period; indeed, commemoration become the main motive for street naming. In the Czech borderlands, commemorative names (honouring important national figures) also appear on the outskirts of communities; this may be due to the fact that they are losing their commemorative function.
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Studie se zabývá urbanonymií (uličními názvy) pohraničního města Jeseník, a to na pozadí historického vývoje 20. století. Město Jeseník (Česká republika, Olomoucký kraj) bylo v době středověku osidlováno německým etnikem, které se stalo majoritou (většina jmen tedy byla německého původu). To se ovšem změnilo po roce 1945, kdy bylo německé obyvatelstvo odsunuto; Jeseník byl znovu osídlen Čechy z vnitrozemí, Slováky, reemigranty atd. Do roku 1989 byl Jeseník jako město Československa součástí východního bloku. Uliční názvy, které jsou závislé na (politickém) vývoji společnosti, proto byly v pohraničí nestabilní a měly – ve srovnání s vnitrozemím – svůj specifický vývoj (to se týká např. bohemizace po roce 1945 a přejmenování). Do současnosti se zachovalo pouze 16 % původních (předválečných) urbanonym (z hlediska motivační báze). Tento stav je především výsledkem častého užívání honorifikačního motivu v poválečné době. Honorifikace se stala hlavním motivem při pojmenování ulic. V pohraničí se honorifikační jména (oslavující významné národní osobnosti) objevují také na periferii, což může být dáno tím, že ztrácejí svou honorifikační funkci.
The text is focused on the cult of Petr Bezruč (1867-1958), a Czech poet, and its reflection in Czech post-1945 proper names. This is both effected, and proposed cases of (re-)namings of selected localities in the Moravian-Silesian region connected with Bezruč’s life and poetry; the research is focused on the period of 1940s and 1950s. The survey, based on available archival sources and that-time opinion journalism, was aimed at investigating the motivation of local authorities to use Bezruč’s names and the arguments presented in their requests. From the region perspective, the cult was created mostly via proposals of new names of institutions (chrematonyms) and new names of settlements, the latter were not effected; from the state/national perspective, the crucial role was played by urbanonyms (street and square names) in the cult creation.
The article looks into 177 names of streets, alleys and squares in the city of Kyiv, renamed between 2015 and 2017 as a result of the process of decommunisation. It presents lexical and semantic characteristics of urbanonyms and reveals the key principles and naming motives in the renamed objects. A significant number of changed urbanonyms are based on anthroponyms (114 names of streets, 64%). The lexical base of other urbanonyms is comprised of common lexis (24 names, 14%), and toponyms, particularly oikonyms, hydronyms, microtoponyms (29 names, 16%), and other onyms (10 names, 6%). As for the motivation, some renamed objects received their original historical names (14%), a part of them (12%) received new names, with the geographical and spatial location of the street being taken into account. Some street names refer to the activities of their inhabitants (8%), and some of them reflect the world-view and aesthetic preferences of their inhabitants (3%). The largest number of urbanonyms is dedicated to prominent figures of Ukrainian culture, science, art, national heroes, or representatives of other nationalities who are related to the development of the statehood of Ukraine and its capital (63%).
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Text se zabývá 177 názvy ulic, tříd a náměstí města Kyjeva přejmenovaných v období 2015–2017 v důsledku procesu dekomunizace. Představuje lexikální a sémantické charakteristiky urbanonym a odkrývá klíčové principy a motivy pojmenování u přejmenovaných objektů. Největší skupinu změněných urbanonym tvoří názvy založené na antroponymech (114 jmen, 64 %). Lexikální základy ostatních urbanonym jsou tvořeny apelativy (24 jmen, 14 %), toponymy, konkrétně oikonymy, hydronymy, mikrotoponymy (29 jmen, 16 %), a jinými onymy (10 jmen, 6 %). V některých případech byla objektům vrácena jejich historická jména (14 %), část z nich dostala nová jména vycházející z geografické a prostorové lokace ulice (12 %). Některé uliční názvy jsou obrazem aktivity obyvatel dané ulice (8 %) a některé reflektují jejich názorové a estetické preference (3 %). Největší počet urbanonym odkazuje k významným osobnostem ukrajinské kultury, vědy, umění, k národním hrdinům, představitelům jiných národností, kteří mají podíl na vzniku ukrajinské státnosti a hlavního města (63 %).
The article analyzes modern official urbanonyms (509 names) that came into being in 2022 (February–August) in Ukraine as a result of renaming. The geography of urbanonymic material covers the city of Kyiv, regional centers and their territorial communities (Lviv, Rivne, Lutsk, Dnipro, Kropyvnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Uzhhorod, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi). The reasons and motives for the street renaming process are clarified, and the structural types of proper names that most often arise as a result of renaming are determined. The urbanonymic material includes the highest number of deonymic urbanonyms (306), among them there are 170 deanthroponymic urbanonyms, 134 detoponymic urbanonyms and 2 urbanonyms based on chrematonyms. There are 140 deappellative urbanonyms and 63 urbanonyms that were motivated by both appellatives and proper names. The study of urbanonymic material that appeared in the public space as a result of renaming in various territories of Ukraine has confirmed commemorative function as a defining feature of modern Ukrainian urbanonymy, and has also revealed the general trend in the development of modern Ukrainian urbanonymy – total derussification, rejection of names associated with ideology, symbolism, imperial narratives of the aggressor state.
The active nominating processes have started in the linguistic landscape of Ukraine quite recently. These processes have been caused by the political and economic transformation of the society: most importantly by the need to rename a number of cities, villages and streets in accordance with the law of decommunization, which came into force in 2015. This research is focused on 889 names of Ukrainian villages and urban settlements that emerged as a result of the decommunization process in 2016. The analysis of these oikonyms revealed two main directions of motivational processes. The first of them was restoring the former (old) names to villages (these names, 280 oikonyms, 31.5%, make up a third of the whole research material), for instance: village Жабки / Zhabky, village Кам’янецькі Хутори / Kamjanetski Khutory. The second way how to rename a settlement was to create new names (there are 609 items of this kind in the represented material, i.e. 68.5% of all renamings), for instance: village Бережани / Berezhany, village Чумацький Шлях / Chumatskyi Shliakh. When restoring the historical names, inhabitants, as a rule, used the names from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century or names that emerged at the moment of foundation of the settlement (village Бузькі Пороги / Buzki Porohy, village Василів Хутір / Vasyliv Khutir). Among 280 restored historical names about 70 belong to the cultural heritage of original nation and national communities of Ukraine, which is about 8% of all renamings (village Карабулат / Karabulat, village Торосове / Torosove).
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V posledních letech v ukrajinské jazykové krajině probíhají aktivní pojmenovací procesy. Je to vyvoláno politickou a ekonomickou transformací společnosti: především nutností přejmenování řady měst, obcí a ulic v souladu se zákonem o dekomunizaci, jenž nabyl platnosti v r. 2015. Tento příspěvek je věnován 889 přejmenováním ukrajinských obcí v důsledku procesu dekomunizace během roku 2016. Analýzou změněných oikonym byly zjištěny dva základní směry procesů motivace. První z nich představuje navrácení původních názvů obcím, zde bylo nalezeno 280 jednotek, což tvoří 31,5 % všech přejmenování neboli jejich třetinu (např. с. Жабки, с. Кам’янецькі Хутори). Druhý proces je spojen s tvorbou nových názvů, ve shromážděném materiálu jsou tato onyma zastoupena 609 jednotkami, jež představují 68,5 % všech přejmenování (např. с. Бережани, с. Чумацький Шлях). Při návratu historických názvů se zpravidla vycházelo z názvů z konce 19. a začátku 20. století nebo názvů, které vznikly v okamžiku založení obce (Бузькі Пороги, Василів Хутір). Mezi 280 navrácenými historickými názvy patří skoro 70 pojmenování (čtvrtina případů) do kulturního dědictví původních národů a národnostních menšin Ukrajiny, jedná se o 8 % celkového množství přejmenování (např. с. Карабулат, с. Торосове).
The article analyses the official changes of the names of municipalities and their parts in the years 1996-2017. 59 changes were recorded; an absolute majority of these changes involve minor formal alterations of the existing names, consisting of minor phonological changes (mostly changes in the vowel quantity), adding a distinctive attribute (or its deletion), etc. Most of the changes, which are made without any opinion of onomasticians or other linguists, are unproblematic from the onomastic point of view. However, some of them (mostly those based on a folk etymology of the name) are disputable, or even entirely unsuitable. Special attention is paid to an exceptional case of changing the place name Táborská to Vlastislav. This is the only case of a change of an oikonym to a form that has no relationship to the original name. Before 2016, the toponym Táborská belonged to a part of the municipality of Hazlov in the westernmost part of Bohemia. This locality (originally Seichenreuth) obtained its Czech name after the World War II, when a majority of the original German names were changed after the displacement of German inhabitants from Sudetenland. In the late 1940s, the local representatives tried to enforce the name Vlastislav for the given village; the motivation of this name was political: it was to express relations to the homeland - "vlast". This name was not approved by the toponymical committee, and the village finally got a new name Táborská in 1961. However, the name Vlastislav was not forgotten in the locality: in 2016, the local authority decided to rename Táborská to Vlastislav and this change came into effect immediately.
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