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PL
Wstęp. Żylaki kończyn dolnych to choroba postępująca, która często uważana jest za defekt kosmetyczny. Celem pracy było wykazanie, że wiedza pacjentów z chorobą żylakową jest zbyt powierzchowna oraz, że żylaki to schorzenie, które nie dotyczy tylko osób w wieku podeszłym. Materiał i metoda. Badanie przeprowadzono wśród pacjentów województwa opolskiego i śląskiego. W kwestionariuszu wykorzystano pytania własne. Wyniki. Z przeprowadzonego badania można wywnioskować, że 90 % badanych odczuwa dolegliwości spowodowane chorobą. Tylko 27 % pacjentów korzysta z wizyt u specjalisty, a 36 % respondentów przebyło zabieg usunięcia niewydolnych żył podając jako najczęstszą przyczynę poddania się zabiegowi: ból i względy estetyczne. Tylko 44% badanych wie co to jest choroba żylakowa, a 69 % pacjentów nie zgadza się z podaną teorią, że „żylaki nie niosą żadnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych”. Wnioski. Na podstawie wyników ankiet można wywnioskować, że pacjenci mimo dolegliwości nie poddają się leczeniu. Tylko znikoma ilość badanych podjęła się usunięcia żylaków. Chorzy wiedzą co to jest choroba żylakowa, jednak nie potrafią wskazać z czym się wiąże i jakie konsekwencje zdrowotne ze sobą niesie.
EN
Introduction: Varicose veins disease is a progressing one, which is commonly regarded as a cosmetic defect. The aim of the diploma work was to underline that the knowledge of the patients on the topic is too perfunctory and additionally, that the disease does not affect only elderly people. Materials and methods: The research was conducted among the patients of Opolskie and Silesian Region The questionnaire contains only proprietary questions. Results: It might be concluded, after the research, that 90 % of the interviewees experience the complaints caused by the disease. Only 27 % of the patients consult the specialist and 36 % have been operated and the inefficient veins have been removed. The pain and the cosmetic aspects have been claimed to be the main reason for it. Only 44 % of the respondents are fully familiar with the disease and 69% do not agree with the statement that ‘ varicose veins do not cause any health problems’. Conclusions: On the basis of the questionnaires collected during the research, it might be concluded that although the patients suffer from the ailments of the disease they refuse treatment. Only insignificant number of patients have decided to undergo the veins removal surgery. The patients know what the disease is, however they are totally unable to point out what the health consequences it can bring.
PL
Wzrost przeciętnej długości życia oraz rosnąca liczba chorób cywilizacyjnych sprawiają, że coraz więcej ludzi zmuszonych jest do systematycznego kontaktu z pracownikami służby zdrowia. Jakie emocje są następstwem interakcji z lekarzami? Autorka dokonuje analizy wypowiedzi użytkowników forów internetowych dotyczących raka piersi. Odwołuje się do socjologicznej koncepcji strukturalnej: teorii władzy-statusu autorstwa Theodore’a Kempera.
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75%
PL
Wstęp. Żylaki kończyn dolnych to choroba postępująca, która często jest bagatelizowana i nieleczona, co prowadzi do poważnych powikłań. Z problemem choroby żylakowej borykają się ludzie starsi, jak i młodsi. Materiał i metoda. Badanie przeprowadzono wśród pacjentów województwa opolskiego i śląskiego. W kwestionariuszu wykorzystano pytania własne. Wyniki. Ankietowani chorują średnio 15 lat na żylaki kończyn dolnych. Do powstania schorzenia przyczynia się więcej niż jeden czynnik. Tylko 50 % badanych zapobiegało chorobie. Mimo że 90 % badanych odczuwa dolegliwości spowodowane chorobą, to tylko 26 % stosuje środki farmakologiczne a 27 % korzysta z wizyt u specjalisty. 36 % respondentów przebyło zabieg usunięcia żylaków. Wnioski. Na podstawie analizy ankiet można wywnioskować, że jedną z przyczyn powstania żylaków u badanych respondentów jest nieodpowiednia masa ciała. Połowa badanych nie zapobiegała powstawaniu żylaków, mimo świadomości istnienia profilaktyki. Pacjenci nie korzystają ze specjalistycznej wiedzy lekarskiej, a wysokie ceny leków niejednokrotnie uniemożliwiają ich zakup.
EN
Introduction. The varicose veins disease of lower limbs is a progressing disorder which is frequently ignored and left untreated, what leads to serious complications. Both the old and young are bothered by the disease. Material and methods.The research was conducted among the patients of Opolskie and Silesian Voivodeships. The questionnaire contained only the authors own questions. Results.The respondents have been experiencing the problem of varicose veins for 15 years on average. More than one factor is considered to cause the problem. Only 50 per cent of the patients have undertaken some preventive measures. Although 90 per cent feels the discomfort, only 26 per cent of them have been using some medications and 27 per cent have consulted the specialist. 36 per cent of the respondents have gone through the surgical procedure of varicose veins removal. Conclusions.Taking into consideration the questionnaire answers it might be concluded that one of the main reasons for varicose veins formation is improper body weight. Half of the patients have not used any prevention, although they have been completely aware of the prophylaxis. The patients do not make use of their specialists’ professional medical knowledge and the prices of the medications discourage them from buying and using them.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje etiologię oraz złożony patomechanizm zaburzeń afatycznych mowy. Uwzględniając definicje afazji oraz miejsce uszkodzeń mózgu w wyniku których dochodzi do afazji pokazano zmiany osobowości pacjentów. W przypadku chorych z afazją zmiany osobowości wynikają z uszkodzeń mózgu, jak również z braku możliwości porozumiewania się z otoczeniem. Spośród teorii osobowości skupiono się głównie na stanowisku H. A. Murraya, który głosił, że „osobowość jest zlokalizowana w mózgu”. Artykuł pokazuje przykłady zmian osobowości chorych z afazją oraz prezentuje te modele pracy z pacjentem, które uwzględniają jego zmianę osobowości w wyniku afazji. Przy czym istotny pozostaje udział osobowości w przystosowaniu jednostki do nowej sytuacji, jaką jest niedowład prawostronny, afazja i pobyt w szpitalu.
EN
The article presents the etiology and a complex pathomechanics of aphatic speech disorders. Personality changes were shown taking into consideration the definition of aphasia and the place of the brain damages in the result of which aphasia occurs. In the case the patients with aphasia the personality changes result from the brain damages as well as from the lack of the possibility for communication with the environment. Among the personality theories the writer concentrates mainly on the position of H. A. Murray who claims that “personality is located in the brain”. The article present the personality changes among patients with aphasia and presents the models of work with patients. At the same time, very important is the participation of personality in the adjustment of an individual to a new situation such as: right-sided paresis, aphasia and the stay in hospital.
EN
The article presents current conditions for the implementation of the services of electronic identification and authentication with the application of modern ICT systems that can be used in the healthcare system. Their implementation is both a milestone and a condition for the provision of real information security to patients and healthcare sector employees.
PL
W artykule omówiono aktualne uwarunkowania implementacji usług identyfikacji elektronicznej i uwierzytelnienia za pomocą nowoczesnych technologii teleinformatycznych, które mają znaleźć zastosowanie w systemie opieki zdrowotnej. Ich wdrożenie stanowi zarazem krok milowy, jak również warunek zapewnienia rzeczywistego bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego dla pacjentów oraz pracowników sektora opieki zdrowotnej.
PL
Praca ocenia wiedzę pacjentów Uniejowa i okolicy na temat antybiotyków. Metodą ankietową przebadano 100 pacjentów. Przyjmowali oni antybiotyki głównie z powodu infekcji dróg oddechowych. Tylko około połowa ankietowanych wiedziała, że antybiotyki działają na bakterie oraz że ich stosowanie grozi rozwojem bakterii opornych. Co trzecia osoba skłonna jest zastosować antybiotyk w przeziębieniu przebiegającym z gorączką powyżej 3 dni, a prawie połowa przypisuje im działanie jakiego nie mają, tzn. na ból i gorączkę. Wszyscy natomiast doceniają rolę leków osłonowych podczas antybiotykoterapii. Zdecydowana większość przestrzega zaleceń dotyczących antybiotykoterapii, ale około 1/3 zapytanych sugeruje lekarzowi wypisanie antybiotyku i tyle samo konsultuje jego decyzję z innym lekarzem. Głównym źródłem informacji o antybiotykach jest lekarz. Szczególnym zaufaniem, głównie wśród mieszkańców wsi, cieszy się lekarz rodzinny. Pacjenci z Uniejowa odpowiadali podobnie jak z pobliskich wsi. Wiedza pacjentów tego regionu na temat antybiotyków jest w niektórych aspektach wyższa niż w innych regionach Polski. Nie zaobserwowano różnic w odpowiedziach między płciami. Więcej poprawnych odpowiedzi udzielali pacjenci z wyższym wykształceniem
EN
This study aims to assess the knowledge of antibiotics among the health service patients in the commune of Uniejów. For this purpose, a survey of 100 patients was conducted. They were mostly given antibiotics for higher respiratory tract diseases. Only about half of the respondents knew that antibiotics fight bacteria and that their use may cause the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. One person in three was inclined to take antibiotics in case of a cold with fever lasting longer than three days, and nearly half of the respondents believed that antibiotics were effective in case of high temperature and pain, which is not true. All of them, though, were aware of the important role of protective drugs during antibiotic therapy. The majority of the patients follow the doctor’s instructions concerning the therapy with antibiotics, but about 30% suggest that the doctor prescribe an antibiotic, and about the same number consult the doctor’s decision with another specialist. The patients in this region, especially in rural areas, place the greatest trust in the family doctor. The respondents from Uniejów answered similarly to those from the nearby villages. No differences were observed between answers given by men and women. Patients with higher education gave more correct answers.
EN
On December, 1898, two years before the 200th anniversary of its opening, the hospital led by the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in Cieszyn reached the top of its development. The post, at the beginning being able to hold only a few, and then a dozen of patients, after the extension at the end of the 19th century was able to admit 60 patients at the same time. The extension of the hospital coincided with the intensive industrialisation of Cieszyn Silesia. The local urban area became the biggest centre of this type in Austria-Hungary. It is not surprising then that people from almost the whole monarchy, trying to find better living conditions, were migrating for work in the Duchy of Cieszyn. Thanks to the preserved patients’ records from that time it is possible to determine exactly the origins of the patients from the hospital of the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in Cieszyn. It can be stated that the patients staying in this local hospital, represented a variety of nations living in this area at that time. Apart from the natives, a medical record from 1900 mentions a significant number of the inhabitants of Moravia, Czech Republic, Galicia as well as other parts of Austrian Silesia. A smaller number of representatives comes from counties in Upper Hungary and Croatia, Austrian Tyrol, Upper and Lower Austria and, finally, foreign countries – Prussia and Russia. The article constitutes a small contribution to the study of the complex history of the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in Cieszyn. It is also a useful material for the researchers who are interested in ethnic relations in Cieszyn Silesia.
Medycyna Pracy
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2020
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vol. 71
|
issue 5
551-568
EN
BackgroundThe article presents the verification of the factor structure and preliminary validation of the following 2 measures: the Psychological Empowerment Instrument among Polish nurses and midwives, developed by Spreitzer, and the Psychological Empowerment Instrument for Patients developed by Schulz et al. based on Spreitzer’s conception. By that theoretical conception, psychological empowerment is an intrinsic motivation manifested in an individual’s orientation to his or her work role. Similarly, the patient’s psychological empowerment is an intrinsic motivation manifested in an individual’s orientation to his or her treatment process. The aim of the study was to test the psychometric properties of the Polish versions of both measures, and to verify the 4-factor structure of psychological empowerment in the samples of Polish nurses and patients.Material and MethodsThe study was conducted at 29 hospital wards of 15 Polish hospitals. The participants included 309 nurses or midwives employed in these hospitals, and 305 adult patients. Items were translated from the original English version using the back-translation method.ResultsThe confirmatory factor analysis showed the acceptable fit of the 3-factor model (without the Meaning) among Polish nurses and midwives, and the 4-factor model among Polish patients. The scales of both measures exhibit high reliability. Preliminary evidence for their criterion validity was also provided.ConclusionsThe Polish versions of both measures show satisfactory psychometric properties, being suitable for the evaluation of the levels of empowerment in nurses, midwives and patients.
PL
WstępArtykuł prezentuje weryfikację struktury czynnikowej oraz wstępną walidację 2 narzędzi: Kwestionariusza upodmiotowienia psychologicznego wśród polskich pielęgniarek i położnych opracowanego przez Spreitzer oraz Kwestionariusza upodmiotowienia psychologicznego dla pacjentów opracowanego przez Schutza i wsp. na podstawie koncepcji Spreitzer. W koncepcji tej upodmiotowienie psychologiczne oznacza wewnętrzną motywację pracownika do kształtowania przekonania o znaczeniu własnej roli w organizacji. Analogicznie upodmiotowienie psychologiczne pacjenta to wewnętrzna motywacja, w której wyniku kształtuje on przekonania o znaczeniu roli pełnionej przez siebie w procesie leczenia. Celem badania były weryfikacje właściwości psychometrycznych polskich wersji kwestionariuszy oraz 4-czynnikowej struktury upodmiotowienia psychologicznego w próbach polskich pielęgniarek i pacjentów.Materiał i metodyBadania przeprowadzono na 29 oddziałach szpitalnych w 15 polskich szpitalach. Wzięło w nich udział 309 osób zatrudnionych na stanowisku pielęgniarki lub położnej w szpitalu oraz 305 pełnoletnich pacjentów. Treść pozycji została przetłumaczona z języka angielskiego przy zastosowaniu metody translacji zwrotnej.WynikiKonfirmacyjna analiza czynnikowa wykazała akceptowalne dopasowanie do danych 3-czynnikowego modelu upodmiotowienia psychologicznego (bez skali Nadawania osobistego znaczenia wykonywanej pracy) w próbie polskich pielęgniarek i położnych oraz modelu 4-czynnikowego w próbie polskich pacjentów. Skale obu narzędzi wykazują wysoką rzetelność. Wstępnie oszacowano także trafność kryterialną skal obu narzędzi.WnioskiPolskie wersje obu narzędzi wykazują zadowalające właściwości psychometryczne. Mogą być stosowane w badaniach pielęgniarek i położnych oraz w badaniach pacjentów.
EN
The phenomenon of drug addiction has been known in Poland for at least several dozen years. In the period of the second Republic, it was not a major social problem. In 1933, the total of 295 addicts were hospitalized in Poland. According to pre-war researchers, the number of drug addicts could be estimated at over 5 thousand persons in the early 1930s. The pre-war addicts took first of all classic drugs: morphine, heroin, and cocaine. Also codeine, Somniphrene and Pantopon were rather frequently taken. Less frequent was the use of hashish, mescaline and peyotl. Headache wafers played the part of substitutes.             According to the data of the health service and the Warsaw public prosecutor's office, about three – fourth of drug addicts were men. Most addicts were in their thirties; hardly any could be found among the youth, as far as morphinism is concerned in particular. This type of addiction could be found nearly exclusively among persons aged over 30. The situation shaped ,somewhat differently as regards codeine addicts: also younger persons. could be found in this group. In the socio professional structure of addicts included in the files of the Warsaw public prosecutor's office, clerks prevailed; their percentage amounting to 30. The second most numerous group were craftsmen and tradesmen-,13 per cent, and the third on -representatives of medical professions (chemists, doctors, surgeon, assistants, nurses, midwifes) of whom there were 9 per cent. The percentage of workers was 2, of prostitutes-5, and artists-4. In the opinion of the most of the pre-war researchers, the above socio-professional structure is distorted. According to them, drug-addiction was much more widespread among officers (of the air force and navy in particular), artists, writers and journalists. As regards religion, pre-war addicts constituted as varied a mosaic as the entire society in those days. There were among them representatives of all of the most numerous religious groups then found in Poland. Roman Catholics were most, and members of the orthodox church-least :susceptible to drug addiction. The pre-war researchers of drug addiction devoted a lot of attention to the problem of etiology of this ,,social disease'' Some of them stressed above all the medical-others-the economic and political, and still others - the cultural or those related to civilization causes. There were also conceptions that laid particular emphasis on physiology and biochemistry of the human body.              The evolution of drug addiction in the post-war forty years may be divided into four stages.             The first of them lasted till about mid-1960s. The extent of the phenomenon was then limited, with the average of about 400 persons treated in out-patient clinics, and about 150 -in psychiatric hospitals. Also the police statistics point to small sizes of this phenomenon. In 1967, as few as 9 offences directly related to drug addiction were recorded in Poland. Drug addicts of those days descended from rather specific circles. They were mostly representatives of medical professions, that is persons with a relatively easy access to drugs. Over 90 per cent of all morphine addicts were employees of the health service. Drugs taken most frequently were the classical ones;(morphine, cocaine), tranquilizers (Glimid, Tardyl) and stimulants (amphetamines). In thest period, one could hardly speak of drug addiction as a subcultural phenomenon. It was mainly a medical problem. The majority of the drug taking persons were those already dependent. The addicts of those days formed no close groups sharing a given ideology, specific symbols or language. The taking of narcotic drugs was not a social but an individual behaviour in most cases.             The second stage are the late 1960s and the early 1970s. In that period, a rapid growth in the extent of drug addiction can be noticed. In the years 1969-1973, the number of patients treated because of drug addiction in out-patient psychiatric clinics was quintupled, and in psychiatric hospitals, tripled. In 1972, there were about 3,150 patients treated in psychiatric clinics, and about 600 in psychiatric hospitals.             Also the number of offences directly related to drug addiction grew rapidly. While in 1967 there was not a single instance of unauthorized giving of narcotic drug (art. 161 of the Penal Code) or of forging prescriptions (art. 265 § 1 of the Penal Code), 105 and 417 such acts respectively were recorded five years later. In 1971, over 3,000 persons "taking narcotic drugs" were registered in the police files. As found in a sociological study carried out in 1972 among students of all grammar, vocational and elementary vocational schools in Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, 8.3 per cent of the respondents had contacts with narcotic drugs. In the case of about 45 per cent of this group, these contacts were occasional. According to the authors of the study, this percentage is the "minimum frequency of occurence" of drug taking "in the population of school youth in Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot.'' In this early 1970s, the number of persons in danger of becoming addicts (i.e. those who took drugs regularly) and those already dependent was estimated at about 30 thousand.             In the discussed period, also the character of addiction underwent changes: it became a subcultural phenomenon. The base on which it developed were the youth contestation movements which emerged in Poland as well. Addiction was given a cultural dimension by the ideology of the hippie movement. Taking drugs ceased to be an individual behaviour and became a social one which expressed certain attitudes and symbolized the affiliation to a given subculture. The young who took drugs formed smaller or bigger groups with strong internal bonds and a great sense of solidarity. They used specific symbols (way of dressing, recognition signals, rich repertoire of gestures, aliases, etc.) and quite a rich language (characteristic names of drugs and activities related to their taking). The very taking of drugs was acompanied by more or less developed rituals (narcotic coctails, seances, etc.).             In that period - and later on as well -the phenomenon of drug addiction was concentrated among the youth and in highly urbanized and industrialized regions. In 1972, nearly 75 per cent of persons hospitalized for the first time were those aged under 25, and over 60 per cent-under 29. In 1970, over 90 per cent of addicts treated in hospitals lived in towns. The limited drug marked. caused the youth to resort to substitutes on the unpracedented scale. In those years, general use of such substances as trichloroethylene, Ixi (washing powder), Butaprene (glus), ether, benzene, solvents and others started. Yet the major typ of addiction still remaind that to opium and its derivates, particularly in men, and to sleeping-draught and tranquilizers in women.             The third stage in the evolution of drug addiction are the years 1973-1976. In that period, a nearly 27 per cent decrease in the total of patients of psychiatric clinics, and a 40 per cent one in the case of those treated for the first time could be noticed. The morbidity index went down from 3.5 to 2.0. A similar trend, though less dynamic one, concerned also hospital service. In an attempt at explaining this phenomenon, three factors should be mentioned. Firstly, the early 1970s are the period when youth movements started to die out. Also a relative social peace reigned in those years, which caused drug addiction lose its socio-cultural base. Secondly, the medical authorities introduced a number of limitations in the accessibility of drugs in that period. Thirdly, repressive action of the police also influenced this tendency to a high degree. The prosecution agencies not only increased their efficiency greatly, but also acquired a much better knowledge of the addicts circles. These actions however proved insufficient to fully control addiction.             The fourth stage in the evolution of addiction started in the late 1970s. In the years 1977-1984, the number of patients treated in out-patient clinics increased twice over, and that of hospitalized persons - five times over. The indicates of dissemination and morbidity grew rapidly. Beginning from mid-1970s, the number of persons registered in the police files grew nearly two and a half times over. Also the number of deaths due to over dosage went up from year to year. In 1978, 18 such cases were recorded, with the number amounting to as many as 117 in 1986. The number of offences directly related to drug addiction went up from 1,093 in 1978 to 3,014 in 1983. The number of persons taking narcotic drugs was estimated at about 500-800 thousand in 1983; that of persons in danger of becoming addicts - at 99-95 thousand, and of actual addicts - about 40 thousand. Such is the minimum spread of the discussed phenomenon.             The unprecedented dissemination of drug addiction may be attributed to the emergence of two factors of which one is technological, and the other one psycho-social. In mid-1970s, the technology of production of a strong drug from poppy was worked out in Poland, which resulted in a great amount of strong narcotics appearing on the market. on the other hand, crisis started to accumulate in Poland in mid-1970s, which resulted in a growing frustration among the youth. The concurrence of these two factors brought about the explosion of drug addiction.
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