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EN
This paper describes the manipulative behaviour of children in their relationships with parents in situations of parental demands and prohibitions. The results of research into the frequency and types of manipulation used by school children are also described.
IT
The father figure in twentieth-century novels usually appears only as a part of the family. It is rare for a father to become the main protagonist of the book; he is frequently presented as an “addition” to the mother. Rightly or not, the father figure is, however, a symbol of authority and power in the family, hence writers have a tendency to present the parent-child relationships as difficult, bitter, and very, very complex. The situation is not much different in modern Italian literature, in which relationships with fathers during childhood are often a starting point for adult problems. In this article, I try to analyze this phenomenon on the basis of two novels written after 1950: Caro Michele by Natalia Ginzburg and Volevo i pantaloni by Lara Cardella.
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PL
Our experience of the world and life is associated with our sense of ‘self’, which begins to grow in the preverbal period through the child’s primary relationships with his/her parents. Such relationships should be optimal and full of true, genuine and deep contact, marked with a parent’s empathic responsiveness. Empathic parents encourage positive development, while lack of empathy is many times associated with dysfunctional patterns of behaviour in later life. Empathy is a critical factor for the healthy development of a child, especially for the growth of a creative and genuine sense of ‘self’, which in adulthood is essential for a healthy and vibrant personality, one who is capable of coping with life and living empathic relationships. Empathy in the narrowest sense of the word is the ability to share and comprehend the feelings and thoughts of another, e.g. the ability to have insight into experiencing. In a broader sense, it is the basic dynamics of relationships that fully enable us to feel safe and accepted with others and thereby give us space for growth and development.
EN
The article analyzes the concept of “culture of behavior” – the basic requirements and rules of human coexistence, skills – the right to communicate with other people. It is determined that the foundations of the culture of behavior are laid in the early school years, determining further harmonious development of the individual and society as a whole. Bringing up the culture of behavior should be seen as an important social, pedagogical and psychological problem, the successful solution, which depends on the development of the younger generation of high moral qualities, deep intelligence and real spiritual wealth. The role of the family in shaping the culture of the child’s behavior is defined and the views of scientists on the above mentioned issues are highlighted. Thanks to the parents the child acquires experience of cultural behavior. The example is of great importance to the parents of the child. It is just from this source the child receives the necessary data to build his/her future relationships with people. Relationships in the family are the basis of formation of the child. The influence of family relationships on creation of a culture of behavior of the child is defined. Child-parent relationships are specifically different from all other kinds of interpersonal relationships, as characterized by a strong emotional importance for both the child and parents. The questions of the educational potential of families, which are: personal example of parents, their social person, authority, based on active citizenship; lifestyle of the family, its structure, traditions, family relations; emotional and moral climate; reasonable organization of free time and leisure of the family. The factors of implementation: civil orientation and culture of their parents, their desire to be respected by their children, educate them as harmonious personalities; general cultural potential, traditions, moral and spiritual values of the family; place the child in the family group, the moral authority of parents in his/her eyes; pedagogical culture of parents. The child-parent relationships as a specific kind of meaningful relationships are characterized and basic principles and rules that affect the child’s behavior culture are considered, namely: humanity, humanism, sense of teamwork, tact, kindness and generosity. The obvious deviation from the etiquette of family relations is humiliation of man. A good, intelligent family does not forgive rudeness, carelessness, neglect to the people
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