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O zmienności signifiant wyrażeń metatekstowych. Przypadek niemniej

100%
Kisiel A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2013
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issue 16
137-147
EN
The paper discusses the individuality of the phrases niemniej, niemniej jednak, niemniej przeto, and tym niemniej (‘nonetheless’ &c.). It is suggested that niemniej jednak and niemniej przeto are compounds, because the elements niemniej, jednak, and przeto represent in them different groups of inference particles. The phrases niemniej and tym niemniej are considered to be semantically close but, against the lexicographic tradition, not identical. The range of use of the latter is significantly narrower. It is not found, for example, in the so-called confirmative contexts where niemniej occurs naturally; see *Ukazuje on światu Jezusa już nie jako fikcyjną postać z mitu ani jako abstrakcyjną formułę tradycyjnego katolicyzmu, ale jako genialnego człowieka, tym niemniej tylko człowieka ‘He shows Jesus to the world, not as a fictional, mythical character or as the abstract formula of traditional Catholicism, but as a brilliant man, yet only a man’.
2

Dialoge als Sequenzen von Sprechakten unter besonderer Beachtung der illokutiven Partikeln

100%
Laskowski M.
Germanica Wratislaviensia
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2014
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vol. 139
213 - 227
EN
Present-day German is notorious for its extensive use of particles of all kinds. This paper discusses a very important linguistic problem of dialogues as sequences of speech acts with special consideration of the illocutive particles. The article deals with speech particles that can be used by the Speaker to govern the Hearer’s understanding of the speech. The aim of the paper is to join in the discussion about the role of particles in the speech acts and their direct correlation in the dialogues.
3
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O szczególnej pozycji spójnikowych predykatów asocjatywnych

100%
Topolińska Z.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2015
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issue Numer Specjalny
151-155
EN
In the word class of conjunctions, the paper discerns: (a) exponents of associative predicates, i.e. predicates which connect/link events/propositions by way of a simple association, (b) exponents of temporal links between events, and (c) exponents of causal links between events. The author discusses certain special uses of Polish associative predicates formalized as conjunctions, and concludes that they are also characteristic of the corresponding class of predicates in other languages. She emphasizes their domination in the oral communication and comments on their ability to appear in the secondary function of quasi-particles.
4
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STR zdań z partykułami dodającymi

100%
Kisiel A.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2012
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issue 1(7)
139-151
EN
The author discusses Ewa Walusiak's proposal to distinguish three homogenous and synonymous language units belonging to three groups: prepositions, particles and conjunctions. It is argued that the criteria used by Walusiak do not allow for clear differentiation of the three groups. Therefore the author suggests an opposite hypothesis to be true: all of the language units in question belong to one and only one group of particles. The final part of the article is devoted to a preliminary semantic distinction between na dodatek, w dodatku, na dobitkę, na dobitek, na dokładkę and na domiar złego.
5
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Żeby było_ i co_. Notka o znaczeniu

100%
Kisiel A.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2012
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issue 2(8)
205-213
EN
The article is devoted to semantic and grammatical description of two of the four strenghtening particles: żeby było_ and co_. These are very interesting language units, not attested in dictionaries, the only ones in the group of particles containing valency positions. Despite the semantic similarity between them and the two other items of the group - tym bardziej and co dopiero - they tend to occur in different sentence structures, i.e. containing joint conjuctions, restrictive or analogy particles. They do not occur in the context of non-assertive sentences. This paper considers the type of structure formed by the examined language units, the possibilities of filling their valency positions and, in result, their meaning.
6

Pokus o vymezení funkcí příklonné částice -ť (-ťe/-tě/-ti) v průběhu 14–18. století

88%
Stluka M.
Listy filologické (Folia philologica)
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2017
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vol. 140
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issue 1-2
143-171
EN
Based on the analysis of the diachronic data in the Czech National Corpus, the paper aims to specify some of the possible functions that the particle -ť expressed in Czech written texts in the 14t–18th centuries. The study combines a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The first part presents a quantitative analysis based on a smaller corpus that is balanced in terms of time and genre. As a result of this analysis, the functions manifested by the -ť particle in a balanced corpus are specified. In the second part of the study, the dative function of the particle -ť is analysed using a much larger, yet unbalanced corpus. The third part of the paper includes a qualitative analysis based on selected texts that verifies the existence of a dative function of the -ť particle.
7
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Пресловутое „как бы” - слово-паразит или полноценное дискурсив- ное слово?

88%
Быкова Л.
Studia Rossica Posnaniensia
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2018
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issue 43
27-36
PL
The article synthesizes, organizes and in many ways reveals and defines the conventionally invariant and derivative values (senses) of the hyperfrequency particle 'AS IF (КАК БЫ)' using as its material various discourses in the modern Russian language. Anthropological and phenomenological study revealing the pragmatic strategy of the speaker's approach to the texts, substantiated the hypothesis of the permanent dialogical, situational significance of this specific discourse phrase, even in cases when it reveals the physiological aspects of speaking. On the surface, the explanation of the reasons for the high frequency use of 'as if' is based on socio-political factors. At the same time, the ”byte of uncertainty” of our time correlates with the categories of contemporary postmodernist consciousness with its freedom from the unambiguous connection of the word with the denoter and, as a consequence, with the loss of uniqueness and certainty.
8
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Linguistic concepts across languages: The category of epistemic adverbs in English and Polish

88%
Rozumko A.
Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting
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2016
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vol. 2
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issue 1
EN
The category of epistemic adverbs has recently received increased attention in both Anglophone and Polish linguistics, but English–Polish contrastive research in this area has so far been rather fragmentary. English and Polish grammars differ considerably in the ways they classify epistemic adverbs. The differences largely result from the different understanding of adverbs as a category, which in English grammar tends to be presented as broad and heterogeneous while in Polish grammar – rather narrow and uniform. Polish equivalents of English epistemic adverbs are classified as particles – a distinct word class with its own characteristic properties. This paper presents an overview of approaches to epistemic adverbs taken in Anglophone and Polish linguistics with the aim of identifying their convergent points and suggesting a framework for a contrastive analysis. In the case of Anglophone research, the focus is largely on discourse studies because epistemic adverbs are usually seen as a discourse category. In Polish linguistics, however, they are analysed within different theoretical frameworks, which is why the discussion will not be limited to one specific methodological school. Reference is also made to more general issues, such as the treatment of adverbs as a category.
9
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O dwóch metatekstowych jednostkach: „zaś" i „natomiast"

88%
Kisiel A.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2015
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issue 12
53-69
EN
The article presents two units of unclear grammatical classification, both derived from the pronoun phrases: zaś and natomiast. In the first part of the article the units are contrasted with units considered in lexicography as being semantically close: za to, z kolei, ale and a. The first one is equally dubious when it comes to its classification, the second belongs to the class of particles, the last two - to the class of conjunctions. Based on the analysis of the TR structure of sentences with the aforementioned units and their word order, together with observations on their ability to co-occur with other metatextual units, it can be pointed out that zaś and natomiast cannot be seen neither as particles, nor as conjunctions (as identified in modern Polish linguistics). The second part of the article provides a more detailed observation on TR structure of sentences with zaś and natomiast in order to recognise their specificity.
10

Interpretation formulas for conjunctions and particles in the explanatory Ukrainian language dictionary

75%
Bugakov O. V.
Cognitive Studies
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2010
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issue 10
EN
Interpretation formulas for conjunctions and particles in the explanatory Ukrainian language dictionaryInterpretation formulas for conjunctions and particles in the Ukrainian Language Dictionary are defined. The peculiarities of presenting lexical semantics for these parts of speech in the explanatory part of the dictionary entry are described. The way of presenting interpretation formulas using synonyms is also described.
11

Funkcje komunikacyjne partykuły „w istocie”

75%
Milewska B.
Język Polski
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2018
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vol. 98
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issue 3
5-15
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę komunikacyjnych funkcji partykuły w istocie – jako operatora hierarchizacji treści oraz metaoperatora perswazji. Działanie powyższe wynika z semantyki partykuły, w której tkwi polemika z innymi sądami. Sąd dany wraz z partykułą reprezentuje prawdę-istotę (prawdę z głębszego poziomu rzeczywistości) w odróżnieniu od prawdy-wyglądu (zjawiska postrzeganego zmysłowo).
EN
The text includes an analysis of the communication functions of the particle “w istocie” – as a content hierarchy operator and a persuasive metaoperator. This action results from the semantics of the particle in which there is a polemic with other opinions. The judgement given with the particle represents the truth-essence (the truth from the deeper level of reality) as opposed to the truth-appearance (the phenomenon perceived sensually).
12
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Bo – bowiem – albowiem. Między spójnikiem a partykułą

75%
Kisiel A.
Forum Lingwistyczne
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2015
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issue 2
73-84
EN
The article presents three etymologically related units: bo, bowiem i albowiem. Basing on analysis of the contexts of their use (requirement of a weaker / stronger pause, ability to cooperate with an elliptic sentence, possibility of changing position within a sentence), with particular regard to binding between a rheme of the sentence with which these units coocurate and a preceeding rheme, the possibility of including bowiem and albowiem into the classes of particles and conjunctions is discussed.
13
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K existenci nominativních prepozic v češtině

63%
Vondráček M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2020
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vol. 103
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issue 1-2
144-161
EN
The paper deals with words that precede the noun in the nominative form in Czech. It evaluates them in terms of parts of speech with regard to the functions that these words realize. It focuses on words of non-Czech origin that are classified (more or less traditionally) as nominative prepositions (kontra, versus, à la, via). It analogously treats other words from Czech which perform similar functions in the sentence. The author poses the question of whether it is theoretically possible for a preposition to be associated with the nominative, to determine it, to demand it. The answer is negative. The author concludes that the contra versus expressions are not prepositions, but conjunctions, and proposes that other verbal forms should be evaluated as particles. Some can be considered text structuring particles (ad, viz ‘see’, srov. ‘cf.’), others prenominative particles (via). The function of these words is to be a signal of nominative for naming, which is effective in communication.
14

Jednostka leksykalna барем i jej polskie odpowiedniki — próba analizy semantycznej i składniowej (na podstawie przekładów prozy macedońskiej na język polski i polskiej na język macedoński)

63%
Błaszak M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2017
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vol. 165
49-56
EN
This study aims to show what semantic and syntactic features has alexical unit барем in the contemporary Macedonian language. On the basis of confrontation of meaning and scope of the use of the tested particles in Polish and Macedonian, the author points to the similarities and differences in both languages. The results of the analysis show that Polish has richer lexical inventory. They show the versatility of particle барем in Macedonian and also prove that барем is one-segment lexi­cal unit, which is used as aparticle in the sentences and has no homonyms in Macedonian.
MK
Овaа статија има за цел да го покаже какви карактеристични функции — семантички и синтаксички има зборот барем во современиот македонски јазик. Врз основа на конфрон­тација на значењето и опсегот на употребата на испитуваната честичка во полски имаке­донски јазик, авторката ги укажува сличностите и разликите во двата јазика. Резултатите од анализата покажуваат побогат инвентар во полската лексика и, исто така, флексибилност на честичката барем во македонскиот јазик и докажуваат дека барем е еден сегмент лексички единици, кои служат во реченицата само како честичка, нема хомоними во македонски јазик.
15

Szyk operatorów kwantyfikacji ogólnej w języku polskim

63%
Grochowski M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2017
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vol. 165
125-135
EN
The pronouns każdy and wszyscy are the basic operators, distributive and collective respectively, of the general quantification in Polish. At the beginning of the paper grammatical differences between them are discussed. I accept the model of the linear order of the Polish nominal phrase components proposed by Zuzanna Topolińska in 1984 as still valid. According to this model the pronouns każdy, wszyscy are in the first position in the basic nominal string. I extend Topolińska’s model so that it includes particles and metapredicative operators. I jus­tify three hypotheses. Firstly, numerous particles appear primarily in direct anteposition to the pro­nouns każdy, wszyscy. Secondly, intensifiers and the majority of approximators cannot co-occur with każdy, wszyscy because the meanings of the operators and pronouns are contradictory. Thirdly, only a few approximators such as prawie, niemal can co-occur with the operators of general quantifica­tion; they appear in the anteposition to the pronouns.
HR
Заменице każdy, wszyscy су основни оператори опште квантификацијe (колективне и ди­стрибутивне) у пољском језику. На почетку чланка представљам граматичке разлике између њих. Прихватам модел линеарног реда компонената пољске номиналне фразе који је пред­ложила Зузанна Тополинска у 1984 години и који је актуелан до данас. Према овом моделу, атрибутивне придевске заменице każdy, wszyscy заузимају прву линеарну позицију у фрази. У чланку допуњавам овај модел честицама, метапредикативним операторима и образ­лажем три хипотезе. Прво, много честица се примарно појављује у непосредној антепозицји у односу на јединице każdy, wszyscy. Друго, оператори градације и већина оператора апрокси­мације не могу да се повезују са овим заменицама зато што су им значења јединица од ових класа супротна. Треће, само неколико оператора апроксимацијe, као на пример prawie, niemal, могу да се повезују с операторима опште квантификације и појављују се у антепозицији уод­носу на њих.
16
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K otázce tzv. akuzativního se v češtině: pohled (nejen) diachronní

51%
Pergler J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2016
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vol. 77
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issue 2
102-122
EN
This article deals with the Czech reflexive form se and its categorization from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives. It is argued that in Old Czech, the reflexive was clearly a pronoun because it could be used in a number of contexts that are indicative of its having a syntactic function, e.g. in the context of coordination. Since then, however, the reflexive se has been gradually losing its pronominal nature, being replaced in pronominal contexts by the (originally genitive) form sebe. This process has not been completed yet, hence in contemporary Czech, the reflexive has both pronominal features and features of a morpheme/particle. It thus cannot be discretely categorized; such a categorization would be an inadequate oversimplification because it would necessarily ignore some of the features of the reflexive. Therefore, instead of asking whether the form se is a pronoun or a morpheme/particle in contemporary Czech, I try to answer the question of what pronominal and what non-pronominal features it has.
17
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Funkcjonalna interpretacja tekstów historycznych. Dwa typy tekstów prolepsy w języku greckim na przykładzie Medei Eurypidesa (248-249) i Ewangelii wg św. Jana (12, 12-13)

51%
Sobotka P.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2012
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issue 1(7)
53-85
EN
The two parts of the article analyse the possibilities of a functional interpretation, in terms of the theme-rheme devision, of ancient texts. The author discusses examples from Classical Greek and Latin as well as New Testament Greek, especially their word order, grammatical and lexical features. On this basis he proposes an analytical approach to the description of the linguistic values connected on some degree with the communicative structure of these examples. The contextual procedures of indicating markers of thematic or rhematic elements of the sentences in question should be compared with conclusions drawing on the grammatical and semantic observations on the sentence constituents. The determination of theme and rheme exponents must be made - depending on the language - by verifying the means of coding information structure, relevant to the given language, text type, and time of its composition. A complete description of these means should be proceeded by detailed investigation of, for example, in the case of Ancient Greek: standard and contrastive word order, initial positions of utterances (including semantic descriptions of items involved in these positions), functions of the particles, conjunctions, articles, adverbs, personal pronouns, anaphors et al., syntactic and semantic roles of the constituents, etc. The second part of this article considers information status and value of Greek prolepsis. The author distinguishes morphological, syntactic and lexical prolepsis. The las two types are discussed using examples from Medea by Eurypides and the Gospel of St. John. The first example represents syntactic prolepsis, the second one - lexical. Neither the pronoun ἡμᾶς 'we' from Medea, nor the noun φοινίκων 'palm branches' from St. John's Gospel are thematic as claimed by some researches. Both syntactic and lexical prolepsis are components of a different level of utterances than the material one. The author postulates to consider them as rhematic rather than thematic. Prolepsis functions like quotation which comments on the whole utterance.
18
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Vocabulary in autism spectrum disorders. Part 3: Qualitative description – the category of relations

45%
Hrycyna E.
Logopedia Silesiana
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2022
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vol. 11
|
issue 2
PL
Artykuł jest trzecią częścią studium poświęconego słownictwu w zaburzeniach ze spektrum autyzmu. Przedmiotem zainteresowań w artykule jest kategoria relacji i jej leksykalnych wykładników. Autorka przedstawia różne typy wyrażanych językowo relacji. Omawia, w jaki sposób są one reprezentowane w języku osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu, poświęcając osobny fragment częściom mowy. Przyswajanie pojęć relacyjnych i właściwych im wykładników leksykalnych stanowi istotne wyzwanie rozwojowe; szczególnie trudne dla osób z autyzmem. Właśnie w obszarze tej kategorii różnice między słownikami osób typowo się rozwijających i osób z zaburzeniami autystycznymi są najwyraźniejsze. Pozostałe wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy pokrywają się z tymi z drugiej części studium, dotyczącej kategorii rzeczy i zdarzeń.
EN
The article is the third part of a study concerned with vocabulary in autism spectrum disorders. The subject of interest in this article is the category of relations and its lexical exponents. The author presents various types of linguistically expressed relations. She discusses how they are represented in the language of people with autism spectrum disorders and devotes a separate fragment to parts of speech. The acquisition of relational concepts and their lexical exponents is a significant development challenge; especially difficult for people with autism. In the category of relations the differences between the vocabularies of typically developing people and people with autistic disorders are the most pronounced. Other conclusions from the analysis carried out are in line with those in the second part of the study concerning the category of things and events.
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