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EN
This paper presents conclusions based on intercultural studies of the significance of passive strategies relating to the declared teachers’ needs as construed by transactional analysis. The study participants included 322 educators from Guatemala, the United Kingdom and Poland. The findings referred to Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, comparing individualism and collectivism. The study used a questionnaire, specifically the Educational Needs Questionnaire (ENQ) and the “Educator’s Reality” one. The study findings disclose connections consistent with Hofstede’s theory assumptions where the factor protecting teachers coming from the most collectivist culture worldwide (Guatemala) from passivity is the satisfaction of needs in a relationship with another human being (recognition hunger), while in the most individualistic cultures (the UK), this factor will be the satisfaction of individual needs not connected with relationships (structure hunger).
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Vtělení: subjekt a tělo v díle Emmanuela Levinase

88%
XX
In his late philosophy, Levinas finds that the human being, along with his body, is constituted by “sensibility as proximity, as signification, as one-for-the-other, which signifies in giving”; otherwise he or she is not human. For Levinas, therefore, it is also an affectivity, which, in its bind to the Other, opens up as a sensitivity to the Other. The Other is what animates affectivity. In Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence, “the passage to the physico-chemico-physiological meanings of the body”, that is prepared by “sensibility as proximity, as signification, as one-for-the-other”, as the materialization of the body, is now exclusively reabsorbed in ethical signification. Nevertheless, the article shows some other figures of incarnation in the earlier works of Levinas as well: the position and the enjoyment.
EN
The problem of discipline, and motivation in the learning process, is ever more glaring in catechesis. The assertive approach attempts to, at least partially, solve this problem in modern education. This discussion will show that it is possible to use this approach if assertiveness is enriched by the fundamental anthropological discovery as developed by P. Ricoeur in his hermeneutics of selfhood. He does not see human personality as static, but as dynamic, which gives key roles to three forms of passivity: towards one’s own body, towards others, and towards one’s conscience. The concept of passivity will be woven into catechesis, which aligns better to the spirit of Christian theology. The example of Jesus’ catechesis on the road to Emmaus will be used to show the practical usefulness of assertiveness, and the triple passivity in Christian evangelization.
EN
This article discusses passive and active aspects of consciousness as two equally justified roots of life experiencing the world (Weltbewusstseinsleben). The passive domain involves the synthesis of internal time, association, habituality, bodily aspects, etc. The active domain includes strictly cognitive competences of consciousness: thinking, judging, etc. What has been actively constituted becomes passive as the basic level for higher form of understanding. The two domains interweave, influence each other, complement each other, and also remain in a certain tension and discrepancy. In the broader perspective of the system of consciousness and its various layers, the passive-active differentiation must be treated functionally, and not as hierarchically arranged or constituted by separable concepts. It reflects the dynamics of the consciousness system at all its levels, and its meaning oscillates between the opposite and the overlapping.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę programu Uniwersytet Małego Profesora, którego celem jest wspieranie rozwoju kompetencji społecznych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym i wczesnoszkolnym. Założenia programu oparto o konstrukty teoretyczne analizy transakcyjnej. Naczelnym celem programu jest rozwijanie autonomii w funkcjonowaniu uczestników oraz zapobieganie stosowania przez nich strategii pasywnych zgodnie z rozumieniem AT. W tekście zaprezentowano teoretyczny fundament projektu, jego praktyczną realizację a także ogólną analizę ewaluacyjną pierwszego cyklu spotkań.
EN
The article presents the characteristics of The Little Professor University programme, whose aim is to support the development of social skills of pre-school and early-school children. The programme’s assumptions are based on the theoretical constructs of transactional analysis. The main objective of the programme is the development of its participants’ autonomy and preventing the use of passive strategies the way TA understands them. The text shows both a theoretical framework of the project, its practical realisation, and a general evaluation analysis of the first meeting cycle.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie doświadczenia pasywności w wybranych dziełach Luciana Freuda. Malarz przedstawia na swych obrazach postacie nagich ludzi oraz psów rasy whippet pogrążonych we śnie lub bezruchu. Ludzka nagość wydaje się bezwstydna, nieomal zwierzęca – jednocześnie jaskrawo kontrastuje ze swobodnymi pozami chartów. Freud twierdził, że w swych dziełach chce uchwycić zwierzęcość człowieka, przedstawić jego cielesność, nagość. W jego dziełach daje się uchwycić interesujące zaburzenia tradycyjnych dychotomii człowiek-zwierzę, kultura-natura. Pies i człowiek tworzą osobliwą wspólnotę pasywności, opartą na wspólnym bezruchu, wycofaniu się ze świata.
EN
This paper aims at the problem of the representation of passivity in the selected Lucian Freud paintings. Artist depicts naked men, sleeping or possibly in the state of lethargy, accompanied by sleeping whippet dogs. Human nakedness appear as shameless, almost “animalistic”, contrasting thus sharply with the dog’s graceful and free poses. Artist claimed that he wanted to represent human animality, his nakedness and corporeality. His works disrupt traditional man-animal, culture-nature dichotomies. Man and dog together form a peculiar community of passivity, they accompany each other in the state of motionless rest and withdrawal from the world.
PL
W naszym artykule próbujemy ukazać współczesne rozumienie fideizmu w kręgu polskich filozoficznych rozważań, jednocześnie ze zwróceniem uwagi na intelektualną groźbę tegoż zjawiska wśród polskich chrześcijan. Rozwój fideizmu prowadzi w kręgach ludzi wierzących do narastania postaw bierności, niechęci do rozwoju posiadanych zdolności.
EN
In our article, we try to show a contemporary understanding of fideism in the circle of Polish philosophical considerations, at the same time paying attention to the intellectual threat of this phenomenon among Polish Christians. The development of fideism leads in the circles of believers to the development of attitudes of passivity, reluctance to develop their abilities.
EN
Introduction. Students’ evaluation of lessons is determined by their perception of the quality of instruction. The involvement of students in additional educational and developmental programmes is a factor that plays a role in their attitude to learning, and leads to an even higher level of activity, the opposite of which is passivity, i.e., lack of effort in the educational process. Aim. The purpose of this article is to look for correlations of online lesson evaluation, and then to establish predictors of this evaluation, and to determine the degree of evaluation of remote classes, passive and active participation in lessons, and the involvement of high school students in additional educational-development programmes. Methods. The diagnostic survey method was used in the study. The tool was constructed according to the survey technique. A form of evaluation of online lessons, activity during classes, passive participation in lessons, involvement in additional educational and developmental programs for students was used. The response scale available to the respondent was a five-point scale from 1 to 5. The research group consisted of 270 people aged 16-18 years; they were students from high schools, technical schools, and basic vocational schools of the fi rst degree, randomly selected. It was hypothesized that the lower the passivity during remote lessons and the higher the activity and involvement in extracurricular educational or developmental activities, the higher the evaluation of online lessons would be. The hypothesis was confi rmed. Results. Pearson’s R correlation showed that the assessment of online activities correlated positively with activity in the classroom (R=0.503), and engagement in additional educational and developmental practices (R=0.524), and negatively with the passive participation of students in remote lessons (R=-0.433). The prediction of the e-learning assessment was also determined. The predictor is engagement in additional educational and development activities, on the basis of commitment in 28% it is possible to determine the variability of the assessment of online lessons. On a 5-point scale, 34.1% of students rated the methods of conveying the content of classes, the use of activating methods by the teacher, and the atmosphere during online lessons at an average level.
PL
Wprowadzenie. Ocena lekcji przez uczniów uwarunkowana jest percepcją odbioru przez nich jakości prowadzonych zajęć. Zaangażowanie uczniów w dodatkowe programy edukacyjno-rozwojowe jest czynnikiem odgrywającym rolę w nastawieniu na uczenie się i prowadzi do jeszcze wyższego poziomu aktywności, której przeciwieństwem jest bierność, czyli brak wysiłku w procesie edukacyjnym. Cel. Celem artykułu jest poszukanie korelatów oceny lekcji online, a następnie ustalenie predykcji tej oceny oraz określenie stopnia oceny zajęć zdalnych, biernego i aktywnego udziału w lekcjach, zaangażowania uczniów szkół ponadpodstawowych w dodatkowe programy edukacyjno-rozwojowe. Materiały i metody. W badaniach posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego. Narzędzie zostało zbudowane zgodnie z techniką ankiety. Wykorzystano postać oceny lekcji online, aktywności podczas zajęć, biernego uczestniczenia w lekcjach, zaangażowania w dodatkowe programy edukacyjno-rozwojowe uczniów. Skala odpowiedzi, jaką dysponował respondent, była pięciostopniowa od 1 do 5. Grupa badawcza liczyła 270 osób w wieku 16–18 lat, byli to uczniowie z liceum, technikum i zasadniczej szkoły branżowej I stopnia, wybrani w sposób losowy. Postawiono hipotezę, że im niższa będzie bierność w czasie lekcji zdalnych oraz wyższa aktywność i zaangażowanie w zajęcia pozaszkolne edukacyjne lub rozwojowe, tym wyższa będzie ocena lekcji online. Hipoteza potwierdziła się. Wyniki. Korelacja R-Pearsona wykazała, że ocena zajęć online koreluje istotnie dodatnio z aktywnością podczas zajęć (R=0.503), zaangażowaniem w dodatkowe praktyki edukacyjno-rozwojowe (R=0.524) oraz ujemnie z biernym uczestnictwem młodzieży w lekcjach zdalnych (R=-0.433). Określono także predykcję oceny e-learningu. Predyktorem jest zaangażowanie w dodatkowe programy edukacyjno-rozwojowe, na podstawie którego w 28% można określić zmienność oceny lekcji online. W 5-stopniowej skali 34.1% uczniów na poziomie przeciętnym oceniła sposób przekazania przez nauczyciela treści zajęć, stosowania przez nich metod aktywizujących oraz atmosferę podczas lekcji online.
PL
Artykuł jest kolejnym etapem kilkuletnich eksploracji badawczych autorki dotyczących pasywności szkolnej w ujęciu analizy transakcyjnej. Pasywność rozumiana jest tutaj jako brak umiejętności efektywnego działania w obliczu sytuacji problemowych. W badaniach podjęto próbę określenia związków łączących konkretne strategie pasywne z wybranymi komponentami postawy twórczej uczniów.
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The text constitutes a subsequent stage of the author's long-term research concerning school passivity in terms of transactional analysis. Passivity is understood here as the lack of the ability to act effectively in the face of problem situations. The research attempts to define relationships between specific passive strategies and selected components of students’ creative attitude.
EN
Birkowski’s sermons show a deep vision of obedience which constitutes a program of spiritual life with its particular dimensions. Obedience as a man’s response to God’s plan is a way of getting all goods prepared by God and God alone, i.e. an ultimate accomplishment of a human heart. This posture means a crucial point of restoration of harmony of creatures made in relation to Jesus through Him the universe is subordinated to the Father. Christ’s submission embraces fulfilment of the Father’s will which expresses itself in service to people and in undergoing an evil in order to redeem the world. Inside this perspective every follower of Christ has to involve his whole spiritual life in obedience so that the corporal offering is supplemented by an act of free will and reason to turn from subjectivism towards real happiness. A very specific dimension of obedience concerns mystical life in which human ordinary way of cooperation with grace is to be replaced by mystical passivity. Thanks to it man is being nourished with new food of contemplation in a rhythm of progressive gratification.The Birkowski’s apprehension reflects good points of early modern Catholic theology that is an optimistic vision of man and his liaison with grace. This program enables him to shape his spiritual experience in every respect by supplying rules of life and divine power. The complete system formulated by Birkowski can be regarded as an outstanding achievement against the background of Polish early modern spirituality along with Akademia pobożności (Krakow 1628) by the other Dominican Mikołaj Mościcki. Their mystical threads are also an interesting issue at the beginning of the XVII c., which turned out a flourishing period called later A Golden Age of Polish Spirituality.
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Trauma and Phenomenology

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EN
The phenomenology of trauma is a historical, epistemological, and methodic inquiry that wishes to test the validity of an already settled dynamic model of surprise as shock-rupture based on its correlated inner structures of attention (as an open awaiting) and emotion (as a perduring resonance). Thanks to an integrative approach, crossing (micro)phenomenological subjective experiences and empirical (neuro and physiological) data, we hope to renew the understanding of the blank lived experience of trauma and the passive preconscious dynamics of traumatism, as well as to generate possible therapeutic effects.
EN
The article is intended to analyze reconstruction of an image related to two categories of disabled persons: those physically active and passive. On the one hand, I focus on the way, which the disable individuals perceive their own situation in, considering their status as persons who practice or do not practice sport. On the other, I attempt to determine how the said individuals reconstruct their image subject to assessment by others, depending on whether they are physically active or passive. For that purpose, I make references to the disabled individuals’ opinions on their own (subjective self), and their evaluation of how they are seen by the fully capable persons (reflected self). In other words, it is confrontation of an image of physically active and passive persons with opinions and feelings experienced directly by the respondents, with their image arising from other people’s opinions.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza rekonstrukcji wizerunku dotyczącego dwóch kategorii osób niepełnosprawnych: aktywnych oraz biernych fizycznie. Z jednej strony skupiam się na sposobie, w jaki osoby niepełnosprawne postrzegają własną sytuację, biorąc pod uwagę ich status jako uprawiających bądź nieuprawiających sportu. Z drugiej zaś staram się określić to, jak wspomniane osoby rekonstruują swój wizerunek podlegający ocenie innych ludzi w zależności od tego, czy wykazują się aktywnością, czy biernością fizyczną. W tym celu odwołuję się do opinii osób niepełnosprawnych na temat ich samych (jaźń subiektywna), a także ich oceny tego, jak są postrzegane przez ludzi pełnosprawnych (jaźń odzwierciedlona). Innymi słowy, jest to skonfrontowanie wizerunku osoby niepełnosprawnej aktywnej oraz biernej fizycznie z opiniami i odczuciami dokonywanymi bezpośrednio przez badanych z ich wizerunkiem zapośredniczonym przez opinie innych ludzi.
SL
Prevod romana "Wilcze noce" Vlada Žabota je izvir znanja o slovenskem značaju in stereotipih, zlasti heterostereotipih, oblikovanih pod vplivom slovenske kulturne raznolikosti, zgodovinskih dogodkov in družbeno-političnega položaja Slovenije. Karakterološka slovenska neenotnost je očitna tudi v jeziku prevoda, na njegovi semiotično-semantični ravni. Prevod omogoča poljskemu sekundarnemu sprejemniku spoznati stereotip Slovenca kot osebo, ki si prizadeva za samouničitev s potjo ritualnega trpljenja in na ta način z vplivanjem na Drugega z različnimi obredi vsakdanjega življenja, skupnega nasilja in samožrtvovanja. Besedilo prevoda, ki je nastalo 14 let po izidu izvirnika v Sloveniji je oblika obračuna s spremembo predstave Slovenca v poljski in slovenski zavesti.
EN
The novel "Wilcze noce" of Vlado Žabot is the source of knowledge about the Slovene character and stereotype including heterosterotype, formed under the influence of the cultural diversity of Slovenia, its historical and socio-political events. This unevenness of character is plain in the language of translation, in the semiotic and semantic structure. The polish reader can because of the translation of the novel Wilcze noce, come to know the stereotypical of Slovene as a person with strong self-destructive tendencies realized by the means of the ritual suffering at the same time influencing the ‘Other’ in the form of daily life rituals, group violence and self-sacrifice. The text of the translation was shaped 14 years after the first original Slovene edition and is a form of coming to terms with a change of the image of the Slovene in Polish and Slovene mentality.
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