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EN
The source texts contained in the current edition, collected from different archive units from State Archives in Lublin, are the continuation of the text published in the renowned Romanian journal “Istros” in 2014. The areas of Chełm and Lublin region were not intensively colonised by Walachian settlement at the turn of the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern times. It was used only in those areas which could not be colonized by regular farmers due to natural conditions, or when particular owners of farming villages strove to enrich their current agricultural profile with the breeding aspect, which took place through settling particular Walachian families. Thus, the significance of this period in the times of Walachian colonization was not to be found in its spread, the number of colonists or the villages inhabited by them. Instead, it is notable that those few Walachian settlements indicate the northern borderline of this colonising movement on the border of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia. Interestingly, the occurrence of villages which are 300 kilometers away from mountain areas, and which used Ius Valachicum, seems to contradict the established notion of Walachian settlement taking place only in the mountains and their neighbouring areas.
PL
Umieszczone w edycji teksty źródłowe, zawarte w różnych jednostkach archiwalnych przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie, stanowią kontynuację publikacji, która ukazała się drukiem w roku 2014 na łamach uznanego czasopisma rumuńskiego „Istros”. Obszary ziem chełmskiej i lubelskiej na przełomie średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych nie były intensywnie kolonizowane przez żywioł wołoski. Osadnictwo takie występowało tylko na terenach, które ze względów naturalnych nie mogły zostać skolonizowane przez typowych rolników, albo też poszczególni właściciele wsi rolniczych zabiegali o wzbogacenie ich dotychczasowego profilu gospodarczego o wątek hodowlany, co następowało poprzez osadzanie pojedynczych rodzin wołoskich. Znaczenia tego obszaru w dziejach kolonizacji wołoskiej nie należy więc doszukiwać się w jej rozprzestrzenieniu, liczonym ilością kolonistów czy zamieszkiwanych przez nich osad wiejskich. Polega ono raczej na tym, że nieliczne osady wołoskie wyznaczają północny zasięg tego nurtu kolonizacyjnego na skraju Małopolski i Rusi Czerwonej. Odległe często o około 300 km od obszarów górskich wsie posługujące się Ius Valachicum zdają się przeczyć wciąż aktualnemu w literaturze przedmiotu jego postrzeganiu jako nurtu obejmującego wyłącznie góry i ich bezpośrednie zaplecze.
EN
Until the beginning of the 20th century, animal husbandry in the pastoral community in the vicinity of Werchowyna was one of the main axes of the organization of the year of farm work. Nowadays, the role of animals in this region is still important, and animal farming is one of the main factors of the local economy. Basing on the source materials collected by Polish and Ukrainian researchers, the article presents the most important practices for the old Hutsul community, which were often of magical character and aimed at protecting animals, and socio-economicmotives that were the inspiration in the old sheep farming during summer grazing. All these have constituted the historical background for compiling information that enable determining the contemporary image of sheep in the community of Hutsulshepherds
3
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Cywilizacja Azji Środkowej

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EN
The paper presents a general overview of relations between sections of the region’s population in historical perspective starting from the Bronze Age. The history of Central Asia has been in essence the constant great migration of ideas following the exchange of populace and goods. It is seen as a network of cultural, trade and political exchanges constituting its specific civilisation based on parallel relations that balance partners’ worthiness according to their merit, achievements, usefulness, creative endeavour, and political influence. Imperial neighbours of the region who had not respected cultural parity in variety were at loss in building mutual relationships.
UK
Пропонована стаття це спроба виокремити (на основі своєрідного полонарського господарського будівництва ) новий різновид пастирських ландшафтів, якими, на нашу думку, являються пастирські та сільськогосподарські ландшафти в районі низьких і середніх гір Зовнішніх Карпат. Культурні цінності волоського за походженням району класифікують його як особливо цінний за ландшафтом. Ця унікальна спільна спадщина стала вкладом у польсько-українські дослідження структури та функціонування гірської економіки з етногеографічної точки зору. Метою діяльності стає захист зникаючої, архаїчної спадщини волоських пастухів, яких можна назвати «Отцями Європи».
EN
The article is an attempt to distinguish – through specific buildings of the agro-shepherd economy – new subtypes of pastoral landscapes, which are agro-shepherd landscapes in the area of medium mountain ranges of the Outer Carpathians. The cultural values of the area of the Wallachian genesis classify it as a particularly valuable landscape. This unique legacy has given rise to joint research into the structure and function of the mountain economy in ethno-geographic terms. The aim of the activities is to protect the disappearing, archaic heritage of Wallachian shepherds called "Fathers of Europe".
PL
Artykuł jest próbą wyróżnienia – poprzez osobliwe budownictwo gospodarki polaniarskiej – nowych podtypów krajobrazów pasterskich, jakimi są pastersko-rolne krajobrazy na obszarze niskich i średnich gór Karpat Zewnętrznych. Walory kulturowe obszaru z wołoską genezą klasyfikują go do szczególnie cennych krajobrazowo. To wyjątkowe wspólne dziedzictwo stało się przyczynkiem do podjęcia polsko-ukraińskich badań nad strukturą oraz funkcją górskiej gospodarki w ujęciu etnogeograficznym. Celem działań jest ochrona zanikającego, archaicznego dziedzictwa pasterzy wołoskich nazywanych „Ojcami Europy”.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the preliminary results of the research on the shepherds' everyday life that I have been conducting since 2015 in the field of history, migration, and cultural heritage of the Vlach minority inhabiting the areas from Albania to the northern Carpathians. One of the research stages entails the studies of the daily life and rituals of the highlanders living in the huts on the Polish side of the Carpathians. The article describes the issues concerning the organization and the time-space symbolism of a modern hut, including their daily life and schedule of activities. The research was conducted in the selected huts of Spiš, Orava, Podhale, Żywiec region, and Silesian Beskids in Poland in 2015-2018. In all cases, I applied qualitative research, mostly structured and unstructured interviews with senior and young shepherds working in the huts, as well as covert and overt participant observations conducted during selected pastoral holidays and meetings in various spaces-in temples, during highlander's and Vlach conventions, in theme meetings, and in the huts. I supplement these techniques with the analysis of the visual sources that I made during the field research, received from the enthusiasts of this topic, or found on the Internet. The research has shown that modern pastoralism oscillates between two poles: the traditional, which has made it possible to retain many elements from the past (cultural heritage), and the modern, thanks to which shepherds introduce global solutions to their huts and traditions.  
PL
The purpose of this article is to present the preliminary results of the research on the shepherds' everyday life that I have been conducting since 2015 in the field of history, migration, and cultural heritage of the Vlach minority inhabiting the areas from Albania to the northern Carpathians. One of the research stages entails the studies of the daily life and rituals of the highlanders living in the huts on the Polish side of the Carpathians. The article describes the issues concerning the organization and the time-space symbolism of a modern hut, including their daily life and schedule of activities. The research was conducted in the selected huts of Spiš, Orava, Podhale, Żywiec region, and Silesian Beskids in Poland in 2015-2018. In all cases, I applied qualitative research, mostly structured and unstructured interviews with senior and young shepherds working in the huts, as well as covert and overt participant observations conducted during selected pastoral holidays and meetings in various spaces-in temples, during highlander's and Vlach conventions, in theme meetings, and in the huts. I supplement these techniques with the analysis of the visual sources that I made during the field research, received from the enthusiasts of this topic, or found on the Internet. The research has shown that modern pastoralism oscillates between two poles: the traditional, which has made it possible to retain many elements from the past (cultural heritage), and the modern, thanks to which shepherds introduce global solutions to their huts and traditions.
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