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Proč se Podiven nestal zemským patronem

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EN
The study focuses on the literary image of Blessed Podiven, the servant of St. Wenceslaus. It follows the development of this character from the first documents in the 10th century until the end of the 18th century; be it in legends, chronicles, hymns, sermons and (selectively) also in iconographic sources. The transformations of the Podiven’s story make a perfect starting point for research on the criteria placed on a saint in the (Early) Middle Ages, after the Council of Trent and in the Enlightenment. The source we rely most on is Kristiánova legenda ‘Kristián’s Legend’. During 14th to 17th century, the legend is expanded of other episodes. In the middle of the 17th century, Bl. Podiven was – along with other patron saints of Bohemia – included in the legend of the Palladium of the Czech Lands. As a murderer and avenger, however, Podiven became a very problematic type of saint and he didn’t become a patron saint of Bohemia.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rodzajów i zróżnicowania przestrzennego nazw ulic związanych z religią w miastach archidiecezji gdańskiej. Źródłem informacji o liczbie i oficjalnych nazwach ulic w miastach była baza danych TERYT Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. Nazwy religijne ulic miast archidiecezji gdańskiej wskazują głównie na rzymskokatolicką tradycję (99%). Tylko ul. Menonitów w Gdańsku pochodzi z innego wyznania chrześcijańskiego, a pozostałe 48 nazw wywodzi się spoza chrześcijańskiego kręgu religii starożytnych Greków i Rzymian czy religii ludów słowiańskich i bałtyjskich. Liczba i rodzaj nazw ulic związanych z religią zależy od wielkości jednostki osadniczej oraz jej przeszłości.
EN
The aim of the paper is to show the kinds and spatial differentiation of street names related to religion in cities and towns of the Archdiocese of Gdansk. There are only 173 street names (4%) originated from religious culture among 4296 streets in 12 urban units. The database TERYT of Central Statistical Office in Warsaw was the source of information about official street number and names in the cities. Religious street names (also called in literature sacral or cult names) of Gdansk archdiocese towns indicate mainly Roman Catholic tradition (99%). Only Mennonites St. in Gdansk comes from other Christian denominations and 48 street names derive from non-Christian origin like ancient Greek and Roman religions, Slavic and Baltic religions. The most frequently chosen street name is John Paul’s II and St Adalbert (patron saint of Gdansk archdiocese and Poland) which are present in every other town. Contrary to Gdansk and Gdynia small towns characterise a bigger share of street names coming from clergymen. The participation of religious street names differs very much from 0% in Hel to 10,2% in neighbouring Jastarnia which is connected to their dissimilar history. Since 1989 local governments often came back to pre-war street patrons and started to give names after recently died priests of merit to local community.
EN
The text presents the most common rites of the above mentioned period. The article is divided into four essential parts, namely: 1) a town in the face of threats, 2) Marian piety in a town, 3) Religious festivals in a town, 4) Pious foundations and confraternities in the town. Excerpts from texts of varied composition, subjects and literary value are an illustration of particular problems. The literary images the author refers to show church events which were important for the Old Polish society. They are indirect evidence that the Old Polish religious ritual with its whole diversity of common piety forms had a clear positive aspect, uniting the whole society in terms of a practiced and cultivated system of values.
EN
The study sums up previous research of Great Moravian dedications. The research of this issue is rather challenging – mainly because a lot of then churches existed only for a short period of time. Many of Great Moravian churches were built during the 9th century and perished around 900 AD which means that they were in existence only for several decades and only few of them “managed“ to leave some traces in historical sources during such short time. Nevertheless, the presented data proves that to a certain extent, reconstruction of Great Moravian dedications is possible. Obviously, this is a difficult task. Without a doubt, dedications of some sacral objects will never be found out. The text focuses mainly on 22 sacral objects, which have – surely or very likely – Great Moravian origin. Dedications of 12 objects are unknown (it concerns mainly the churches of destroyed hillforts in Mikulčice and Pohansko). Dedications of remaining 10 sacral objects are either known or we can reconstruct them with some degree of probability. Thus, in Great Moravia existed cults of most common Christian saints there – Mary, John (probably the Baptist), perhaps also Peter, George and Michael, but also cults connected with some specific missions – that from Diocese of Passau (Hippolytus, probably connected with missionaries from Austrian Benedictine abbey in Sankt Pölten ) and that of Cyril and Methodius (Clement). Dedications to Hippolytus and Clement are particularly interesting, also because in Moravia there are some later medieval churches dedicated to those saints. The possible connection between Great Moravian and post-Great-Moravian cults of those saints is one of the most interesting tasks for future research in this respect.
PL
Autor podsumowuje dotychczasowe badania nad wezwaniami kościołow wielkomorawskich. Badanie wezwań z tego okresu jest trudnym wyzwaniem, ponieważ wiele wielkomorawskich obiektow sakralnych istniało tylko przez krotki okres – obiekty te powstawały w ciągu IX wieku, a już na początku X wieku w wyniku najazdu węgierskiego wiele z nich przestało istnieć, nie pozostawiając śladow w źrodłach pisanych. Mimo to w części przypadkow można poznać patrocinia, z reguły wykorzystując ich ślady w źrodłach poźniejszych. Przedmiotem zainteresowania autora są 22 obiekty sakralne, ktore z pewnością lub dużą dozą prawdopodobieństwa powstały w czasach wielkomorawskich. Patrocinium 12 obiektow nie udało się określić (chodzi głownie o kościoły z grodow w Mikulčicach i Pohansku), natomiast w przypadku pozostałych 10 albo wezwanie jest znane, albo można go określić z pewnym prawdopodobieństwem. Z badań wynika, że w państwie wielkomorawskim nadawano patrocinia Najświętszej Marii Panny oraz św. Jana (najprawdopodobniej Chrzciciela), stosunkowo prawdopodobne są rownież wezwania św. Jerzego, św. Michała Archanioła oraz św. Piotra. Na Wielkich Morawach istniało rownież patrocinium św. Hipolita, związane najpewniej z działalnością misjonarską austriackich benedyktynów z klasztoru Sankt Polten, oraz dość prawdopodobnie św. Klemensa, związane z misją świętych Cyryla i Metodego, ktorzy relikwie tego świętego przynieśli na Morawy.
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