This paper presents ideas of Polish gentry economist from 19th century Jan Mittelstaedt (1819‑1890). He was probably the last polish conservative thinker openly defending serfdom and hostile to idea of giving peasants full property of land. Mittelstaedt supported model of great landlords’ ownership in polish agriculture and free trade in international relations, openly backed agricultural specialization of polish economy. He fought against nearly all political and cultural consequences of modernization but eagerly followed technical progress. As an economist he mixed fundamental ideas of classical political economy and his own excentric ideas. In Mittelstaedts economics religion and virtue are the last sources of economic welfare. He thought that is still possible the restoration of major role of Christian Religion in culture and ordinary life. As a consequence of this ideas he promoted concept of ‘common union of men of virtue’ stressing other people to moral conduct. However Mittelstaedt thinking seems archaic, it has many similarities to contemporary catholic free market thought, following both – technical excellence of capitalism and moral tradition of Christianity.
В статье анализируется отношение большевистских съездов РКП(б) и КП(б)у к крестьянскому вопросу в 1918 – 1923 гг. Определены основные черты большевистской политики в отношении крестьянства, которые содействовали формированию тоталитарного режима: игнорирование интересов целого общественного класса, отсутствие научного обоснования и партийного обсуждения путей решения крестьянского вопроса, декларативный характер большевистской политики, особенно на Украине. Собственной программы решения крестьянского вопроса после установления власти в 1917 г. РКП(б) не разработала и свою позицию смогла определить только в начале 1919 г. и в 1923 г. Украинские большевики находились между необходимостью осуществлять принципы пролетарского интернационализма и реакцией на них украинского населения. Особенностью деятельности КП(б)У было более раннее обращение к крестьянскому вопросу в 1918 г., однако потенциал крестьянского движения украинские большевики недооценили. Украинские особенности в крестьянском вопросе защищали Александр Шумский, Яков Яковлев, Владимир Затонский, Андрей Бубнов.
EN
The article analyses attitude of Bolshevik congresses of RCP(b) and CP(b)U to agricultural question in 1918 – 1923. It marks out the main features of Bolshevik policy as for peasantry that caused forming of totalitarian regime: ignoring of the entire social class interests, absence of scientific explanation and party discussion of the ways as for solving agricultural question, declarative character of Bolshevik policy especially in Ukraine. RCP(b) did not develop their own program of solving peasant question when rising to power in 1917. RCP(b) could determine its position only at the beginning of 1919 and in 1923. Ukrainian Bolsheviks stayed between the necessity to implement principles of proletarian internationalism and the reaction of merely Ukrainian environment to it. The peculiarity of CP(b)U activity was in earlier appeal to peasant question in 1918, but Ukrainian Bolsheviks underestimated the potential of peasants movement. Alexander Shumskyi, Yakov Yakovlev, Volodymir Zatonskyi and Andrey Bubnov supported Ukrainian peculiarities in agricultural question.
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