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EN
The article contains deliberations on the essence of the teaching profession and teachers’ professional development. The author assumes that a significant number of people from different social groups, as well as among teachers themselves, are unclear about the nature of the teaching profession, which results in a misunderstanding of teachers and their work by society, including the politicians deciding upon the shape of education. The solution to this situation is proper understanding of the essence of teachers’ professional development, since, according to the author, this translates into a true image of the teaching profession.
EN
The popular in the modern timespragmatic approach, creates in teaching instrumental attitude to professional tasks execution. It means that reaching goals, on utilitarian level,leads to more effective actions. The positive social sciencestake another approach, basing on the usual human inner drive to be happy. Such being takes place when a person realizes well-being for others and for oneself, following hope, which direction is pointed out by freedom, dignity and human responsibility. The main purpose of the article is to reveal the evidence that create pedeutology of the XXI century as a science of strong teaching profession: its values, meaningfulness and beauty. It has been pointed out to agathological and arthrological aspect of pedeutology. The first one refers to doing good deeds. It is represented by optimal pupil development, which therefore should become a priority in teacher’s professional actions. In reference to the above, the instrumental and vocational teaching context has been characterized. The second aspect refers to the teacher’s moral capabilities, called the virtues. A virtue is a central knowledgeable category of positive social sciences. According to this issue, the utility of the virtue theory has been presented in for the pedeutological thought. The extraordinary attention has been put upon the virtue of hope, reasoning its inevitability in the process of upbringing in the XXI century.
EN
The present paper is the result of a reflection on the professional competences of early childhood teachers. It outlines the considerations on understanding the concept of competences, taking into account their ambiguity and varying semantic scope. The original understanding of specialised artistic competences of the early childhood teachers was presented in conceptual terms and an attempt was made to present the original model of the specialised artistic competences of early childhood teachers in the form of a three-segment structure, created by the distinguished areas of this competence, named by the author as domains of competence, together with their components and basic indicators. The study is addressed to researchers studying this issue and teachers of early school education, it is also supposed to be a voice in the discussion on shaping and development of the specialised artistic competences of early childhood teachers and, according to the author, to encourage reflection in this field.
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EN
Despite a lot of works on teaching and teacher education, little attention has been paid to the search for the essence, contents and conditions of the category of “responsibility” as presented by the contemporary philosophers. In this paper a variety of theoretical references to the approaches and traditions dealing with the widely seen field of responsibility in the philosophy is presented, and consequently an attempt to translate them into the problems of pedagogical responsibility, which amounts to resolving doubts inherent in the area defined by the question about relationships between the teacher’s responsibility and the social function s/he performs, is undertaken. The problems dealt with in my paper may constitute an important contribution to the development of our knowledge about the teacher’s profession. The obtained analytical results of the research prove the existence of the need for the educational sciences to solve a lot of significant problems. In order to deal with them the answer to the question “What teacher does the modern school need?” must be found. In connection with this the answers to the following questions should be given: What conditions teacher’s responsibility? Who does the teacher feel answerable to and how is (or will be) his responsibility evaluated? What or/and who is the teacher responsible for? Does the fact that the teacher’s work is monitored and assessed by the units of educational authorities mean that the teacher is answerable only to them? Do teachers focus only on carrying out orders and achieving their own goals and the goals of the “insiders” in the system? How do teachers perceive the contemporary world and its future? What tasks is the contemporary teacher assigned in the light of the demands of the changing world?
EN
In the article the authors intend to pinpoint a variety of notions of teachers professional education and growth. The abundance of ideas can be attributed to different social needs and expectations. Political, economic and cultural changes in Poland resulted in growing attention in the area of education and teachers’ social role. The authors try to outline the latest tendencies in pedeutology, particularly concentrated on the models of teachers education.
PL
The effects of a teacher’s work depend not only on his/her qualifications and professional skills, but also on his/her personality traits and life attitude. All these components are important in the teaching and educational work, and at the same time they make up the ethos of the teaching profession. Contemporary conditions of the functioning of Polish education, the pace and scope of transformations taking place, and finally the often signaled crisis of the educational impact of the school are arguments proving the need to rebuild the ethos, which requires its proper interpretation, especially in academic milieu. The article is a research report, the subject of which is the teacher’s professional ethos.
EN
Contemporary pedeutology constantly strives to determine the direction of the necessary changes in the educational system as regards the proper preparation of teachers to work in this profession. This is a department of pedagogy dealing with issues related to the teacher teacher. The most important research subjects in the fieldof pedeutologists’ interests are the personality of the teacher, the selection of suitable candidates for the job as a teacher, the training and improvement of the teaching staff. Previously, these problems were mainly dealt with in pedagogical, psychological and sociological approaches.Literature of the subject presents the personality of the student and the teacher as the essential com-ponents of the educational process. Newly published works on pedagogical themes, highlighting the increasing importance of teaching function in the education system, are emerging. Its role seems to be of particular importance when working with a child with special educational needs.From a historical point of view, the teacher’s function has changed a lot over the course of evolution. This indicates that with the passage of time waiting for teachers gradually increased. Contemporary educators are a very broad professional group, having their own way of preparing for the profession, and its interests are watched out by trade unions. The demands placed on the teacher today are very high, since he is mainly expected to shape the pupil’s personality (the process of education), not just the transfer of knowledge (the teaching process). Increasingly, the role of the school, which aims to be both an educator and an educator, imposes new tasks and responsibilities on the teacher. This makes us more and more often meet in pedagogy with the term „teacher-educator”, which refers to both aforementioned functions. We can also include other teacher functions such as tutor, leader, animator, organizer, didactic-educational process researcher, expert, therapist.It can be observed that a new structure of the personality of the educator is slowly emerging. This is due in part to the nature of man, his subjectivity in relation to the environment in which he lives. It is a unit that is constantly being created and created. Similarly, the profession of the teacher requires him to constantly adapt to changes in the education system and modern education. He should represent the personality in this matter effectively, and his morals and personal culture should contribute to the success of working with his charges. Such a structure of teacher personality consists of elements such as: worldview, interests, motives, temperament, abilities, intelligence, appropriate character, striving for self-improvement (self-mastery), self-conscience.
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Montessori Pedutology

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PL
The subject of the analysis is the reception of Montessori education in post-socialist Poland. The author focuses mainly on the models of pedeutological research to emphasise the important role played by the teacher as a professional, educator, but also a human being in this alternative upbringing and education. He recalls the most important results of research on the specificity of teaching work in Montessori institutions.
EN
Active professionalism is a modern notion in the discussion on teacher professionalism, which imposes on teachers the need to research the educational context in which they work and engage in their own professional development. Teachers are expected to inquire into their practice and reflect on their own experience, to actively direct their professional learning and deliberately go beyond their current abilities. The paper presents research conducted among 14 language teacher educators with the use of semi-structured interviews together with a study of their mind-maps and scientific and didactic publications. The target group was selected by snowball sampling. The author describes the research findings in which she finds two strategies of active learning performed by the teacher educators (remedial strategy and exploratory strategy). The first aims at improving the learning outcomes, and the latter focuses on self-improvement.
EN
Vocational training, functioning of an academic teacher in the profession and personal development are the selected areas of the author’s scientific research inquiries, based on the Christian concept of Man as the image of God and the perception of the value of a person in being a Human. Christian academic teacher has been defined as an advocate who lives with faith, conscious of the gift of his teaching vocation. In the environment of his life and work, he penetrates the academic and social structures with evangelical values. As a guardian of human existence, he supports Man in his comprehensive development. He helps him to recognize, extract and develop his innate talents. The conviction of the author as to the validity of forecasting and building an alternative structure of a personal model as a Christian academic teacher appeared in the course of his own considerations, the assimilation of negative assessment of academic reality, changes in thinking about the teacher, issues of peudetology. The principal hope of the author for success of an idea of academic teacher model and his personal formation as a Christian lecturer named proponent, is to base the process of his formation on personal pedagogy of Jesus as a Master. Hence, construction of an alternative to other solutions - a model of personal Christian lecturer as an advocate and a witness of faith - fills a gap in academic situation of pedeutology educational crossroads at the threshold of the twenty-first century, and is an attempt to modernize this segment of academic reality. It has been assumed that humanism in the educational process of higher school in the education of tomorrow means renewal, continuous creation, safeguarding and development of the human dimension of educational entities.
EN
This article is a critical evaluation of Dariusz Zając’s book „Ethics of teachers’ professional work” and introduction to the discussion on the role of ethical education in teacher education.
PL
Artykuł ten stanowi krytyczną ocenę książki Dariusza Zająca „Etyczność pracy zawodowej nauczycieli” i wprowadzenie do dyskusji nad rolą edukacji etycznej w kształceniu nauczycieli.
EN
This article presents a variety of research approaches to adulthood as a stage of human life. Most sci- entists recognize as valid adulthood division into three roughly equal parts: early adulthood between twenty and forty years of age, middle adulthood forty years to about sixty-five, and late adulthood six- ty-five years until death. This division reflects the fact that the optimal physical and cognitive function- ing, achieved in an adults twenties and thirties, begins to weaken in the forties and fifties in a noticeable and measurable way. Adulthood in this sense, is an important category not only in adult education, but especially in pedagogy. Andragogy indicates a separate and specific features of an adult as a learner, involving the possession of a significant life experience, social and professional life, greater autonomy in managing their behavior, carrying out professional work, social activity, prone to large deep reflection and criticism in relation to themselves and their experiences. An important task of modern andragogy is to integrate the academic achievements of adults, their development and education.
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 4
113-121
EN
The social and political transformations in Poland after the year 1989 have influenced all spheres oflife, including educational system. The job of the social group working in this sector is particularlyimportant in the light of changes taking place not only in economy and technology, but also in the worldof values. Teachers are facing new challenges, which are defined by contemporary pedeutology.Systemic change requires transformations in higher education, which focus, among others, onacademic staff. The university teachers are expected to become initiators and architects of transformations in educational reality. They should be characterized by authority based on professionalismand competence, have humanistic oriented personality, which manifests in the ability to respectstudents as well as other educational partners. They should be able to create interest among youngpeople and be able to win them over. They should also be characterized by creative and active attitude and responsibility. Pedeutology literature emphasizes also the role of a university teacher indevelopment of contemporary system of knowledge and values, as well as in development of personality of students. Their social and communication skills are particularly emphasized in this scope.As far as this publication is concerned, the aim of the study is to determine which features regarding personality, professionalism and attitude of the university teachers are decisive for theirimage perceived by the students at the faculty of Pedagogy, specialization „Integrated Pre-schooland Early School Education”. The research uses the method of diagnostic survey with the use ofsurvey questionnaire.
PL
Przeobrażenia polityczno-społeczne w Polsce po 1989 r. wpływają na wszystkie obszary życia, nie omijając systemu edukacji. Praca grupy zawodowej zatrudnionej w tym sektorze nabiera szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście zmian dokonujących się nie tylko w gospodarce i technologii, ale i w świecie wartości. Przed nauczycielami stają nowe wyzwania definiowane przez współczesną pedeutologię. Zmiany systemowe wymuszają przeobrażenia w szkolnictwie wyższym koncentrujące się m.in. na kadrze akademickiej. Od nauczycieli szkół wyższych oczekuje się, iż staną się inicjatorami i architektami przekształceń rzeczywistości edukacyjnej. Powinni oni odznaczać się autorytetem opartym na profesjonalizmie i kompetentności, wykazywać humanistycznie zorientowaną osobowość wyrażającą się opanowaniem umiejętności okazywania szacunku studentom, a także innym partnerom działań edukacyjnych, zdolnością wzbudzania zainteresowania i zjednywania sobie młodych ludzi, twórczą i aktywną postawą oraz odpowiedzialnością. W literaturze pedeutologicznej podkreśla się również rolę nauczyciela szkoły wyższej w kształtowaniu współczesnego systemu wiedzy i wartości, a także w rozwijaniu osobowości studentów. Szczególnie akcentowane są w tym zakresie ich zdolności społeczne i komunikacyjne. W niniejszym opracowaniu celem badań jest ustalenie, jakie cechy dotyczące osobowości, profesjonalizmu i postaw nauczyciela akademickiego decydują o jego wizerunku w świadomości studentów kierunku pedagogika, specjalności edukacja przedszkolna i wczesnoszkolna. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza ankiety.
PL
Cel opracowania to proba egzemplifikacji pedeutologii w ujęciu systemologicznym na drodze od technologiczno-schematycznych ujęć do podejść humanistycznych przez nieszablonowość, kreatywność, tworczość. Za obszar poznania służą więc materiały z obu subdyscyplin – pedeutologii i metodologii nauk. W obu obszarach ważkie są dane dwoistego pochodzenia – z piśmiennictwa społeczno-humanistycznego najwybitniejszych autorów i z, konfrontowanego z pierwszym dorobku autorskiego i najbliższego grona współpracowników z ostatniego 35-lecia naszych prac studyjnych i badawczych. W pracach tych wykorzystywano najczęściej metodę studium przypadku, do każdej z prac dobrano według kryterium podmiotowego i przedmiotowego oraz przeprowadzono badania empiryczne. Wyniki i zawartość opracowania: Wstęp: cele i metodyka badań 1. Od nauki o systemach przez metodologię nauk do metodologii pedagogiki 2. Pedagogika systemologiczna 3. Systemologiczne inspiracje pedeutologii Zakończenie: pedeutologia sytemologiczna na drodze od schematu do kreatywności.
EN
This paper is an attempt to perceive pedeutology in systemological perspective on the way from technology and schematic models to humanistic approaches, through non-pattern acting and creativity. Materials from both sub-disciplines – pedeutology and methodology of sciences – serve here as a sphere of cognition. In both of them, important data of double provenance can be found: first, in outstanding authors’ social and humanistic writings; secondly, in (after being confronted with the previous ones) the author of this article’s and the closest circle of her colleagues’ scientific writings gained from the last 35 years of collective study and research investigations. In those studies, the case study method was used most frequently; for each study, adequate subject- and object-matter literature was selected, and empirical research conducted. The results and contents of this paper are most briefly shown through the following theses: Introduction: aims and research methodology 1. From the science about systems, through the methodology of science, to the methodology of pedagogy 2. Systemological pedagogy 3. Systemological inspirations in pedeutology Conclusion: systemological pedeutology on its way from schematic acting to creativity.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania przeprowadzonego w ramach międzynarodowego projektu „The profession of pre-primary teacher and primary teacher within a dynamic concept”. Celem było zidentyfikowanie czynności zawodowych wykonywanych przez nauczycieli edukacji przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej. Podstawową metodą zbierania danych był dzienny pomiar czasu ich wykonywania, prowadzony na podstawie wypełnianych przez nauczycieli profesjografów – krótkich, retrospektywnych zapisów czasu trwania czynności związanych z pracą zarówno w godzinach pracy, jak i poza nimi. W badaniu wzięło udział 1077 nauczycieli, w tym 641 nauczycieli edukacji przedszkolnej i 436 nauczycieli klas 1–3 z Polski, Czech i Słowacji. Badanie prowadzone było w trzech etapach roku szkolnego. Wyniki ukazały złożoność, różnorodność, wielowymiarowość i wielopoziomowość praktyki edukacyjnej nauczycieli edukacji elementarnej. Analiza wykazała, że polscy nauczyciele obu etapów edukacji poświęcają mniej czasu niż ich koledzy z Czech i Słowacji na wykonywanie czynności zawodowych w tygodniu roboczym i kalendarzowym.
EN
The article presents the results of a survey carried out within the framework of the international project: “The profession of pre-primary teacher and primary teacher within a dynamic concept”. The aim was to identify the activities of teachers working in early education. The primary method of data collection was from the self-reported timing of activities as recorded by teachers. Teachers maintained brief retrospective graphical records of their work-related activities both during and outside their working hours. The study involved 1077 teachers, including 641 teachers of grades 1–3 and 436 preschool teachers in Polish, Czech and Slovak schools. The study was conducted at three stages of the school year. The results highlighted the complexity, diversity, multi-dimensionality and multi-level educational practice of teachers in elementary education. Analysis showed that Polish teachers spent less time on both daily and weekly work-related activities than their Czech and Slovak counterparts.
Neofilolog
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2020
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issue 55/1
27-49
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present the interdisciplinary nature of foreign language teacher education both from a theoretical and empirical perspective – including findings from a research study which was conducted at the Institute of German Studies at the University of Warsaw. The article shows the diversity of approaches to teacher education and defines glottodidactics as the basic disciplines of foreign language teacher education, exposing the influence of these disciplines on each other. The article presents a sample interdisciplinary teacher training program and, based on the results of the au-thor’s own research, the opinions of students on this subject.
PL
Artykuł jest raportem z badań przeprowadzonych w grupie studentów pedagogiki, dotyczących zastosowania metody performatywnej take&make w ramach przedmiotu pedagogika porównawcza. Celem badań było poznanie doświadczeń studentów pedagogiki dotyczących realizacji nieobowiązkowego zadania performatywnego w ramach przedmiotu pedagogika porównawcza. W badaniu zastosowano metodę indywidualnych przypadków. Techniką zastosowaną w badaniu była technika analizy dokumentów, w tym przypadku wpisów na forum dydaktycznym na platformie e-learningowej – ich treści oraz dostępnych informacji dotyczących wpisów, takich jak data wpisu oraz średnia ocen studenta dokonującego wpisu. Główną strategią analizy danych była analiza jakościowa, a strategią uzupełniającą analiza ilościowa. Analizie jakościowej został poddany charakter odpowiedzi w zadaniach prawidłowo zrealizowanych – rodzaj działania podjętego przez studentów i jego twórczy lub odtwórczy charakter, ale także strategie podjęte przez studentów, którzy nie zaliczyli zadania. Analizie ilościowej poddano liczbę złożonych prac, liczbę prac zaliczonych (rozwiązań performatywnych) i niezaliczonych (rozwiązań nieperformatywnych), ich korelację ze średnią ocen z zadań obowiązkowych oraz czasem złożenia pracy. Artykuł wskazuje na potrzebę stosowania metod performatywnych w edukacji, które uruchamiają uczniów do działania, nie tylko planowania własnych działań.
EN
The article is a report on the research carried out in a group of pedagogy students on the use of the take&make performative method in the subject of comparative pedagogy. The aim of the research was to learn about the experiences of pedagogy students regarding the implementation of an optional performative task within the subject of comparative pedagogy. During the research the case study method was used. The technique used in the study was the technique of analyzing documents, in this case entries on a didactic forum on an e-learning platform – their content and available information on entries, such as the date of entry and the average grade of the student entering the registration. The main strategy for data analysis was qualitative analysis and the complementary strategy was quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis covers the nature of the responses to correctly completed tasks – the type of action undertaken by the students and its creative or imitative nature, as well as the strategies undertaken by students who failed the task. The quantitative analysis covered the number of submitted works, the number of passed works (performative solutions) and failed works (non-performative solutions), their correlation with the average grade for compulsory tasks and the time of submitting the work. The article points to the need to use performative methods in education that mobilize students to act, not only to plan their own actions.
PL
W obszarze rozważań podejmowanych w obrębie studiów o nauczycielu właściwe sobie miejsce powinny znaleźć kwestie oscylujące wokół nauczycielskiego profesjonalizmu. Podyktowane jest to przede wszystkim specyficznym charakterem pracy nauczyciela, która przebiega w warunkach złożonej, a zarazem dynamicznie zmieniającej się rzeczywistości społecznej, której konstytutywnym elementem jest rzeczywistość edukacyjna. Nakłada to na nauczycieli konieczność prezentowania ponadprzeciętnego poziomu wiedzy, umiejętności, kompetencji, inaczej biorąc wysokiego stopnia fachowości w podejmowanej profesjonalnej aktywności w poszczególnych jej wymiarach. Celem zaprezentowanych w artykule rozważań jest próba eksploracji zagadnienia profesjonalizmu nauczycielskiego, dla którego punktem wyjścia jest profesja nauczycielska i profesjonalizacja zawodu nauczycielskiego. Namysł nad tą kategorią stanowić może przyczynek do gruntownych studiów i analiz oscylujących wokół tej rudymentarnej kwestii zarówno na płaszczyźnie teoretycznej, jak i prowadzenia badań empirycznych, co z kolei może skutkować wzbogaceniem współczesnej wiedzy o nauczycielu i jego zawodzie.
EN
In the area of deliberations undertaken in the field of teacher studies, issues related to teacher professionalism should occupy their due place. This is dictated above all by the specific nature of the teacher’s work, which takes place in the conditions of a complex and dynamically changing social reality, a constitutive element of which is educational reality. This imposes on teachers the need to present an above-average level of knowledge, skills, competences, or, in other words, a high level of professionalism in the professional activity undertaken in its individual dimensions. The aim of the considerations presented in this article is to explore the issue of teacher professionalism, for which the teaching profession and the professionalization of the teaching profession are a starting point. A reflection on this category may contribute to thorough studies and analyses touching on this rudimentary issue, both on the theoretical level and on the level of conducting empirical research, which in turn may result in the enrichment of modern knowledge about the teacher and his or her profession.
Forum Oświatowe
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2012
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vol. 24
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issue 2(47)
183-191
EN
Written by a primary school teacher, the article illustrates the specific situation of teachers’ training in an educational institution. The author’s observations are based on his own educational training experience. Referring to the contemporary theory and practice of knowledge management, the author presents the elements of educational training for teachers which are inconsistent with the current adult education standards. The author provides a critique of certain aspects of professional development such as learning through experience, self-education teams or training meetings. All the forms of educational and professional development mentioned above are being practised in the author’s regular place of work. The article not only discusses the role and forms of teachers’ professional development but also presents the author’s opinion about the current condition of contemporary school.
PL
Autor artykułu jest nauczycielem w szkole podstawowej. Bazując na swoim doświadczeniu, ilustruje sytuację związaną z uczeniem się nauczycieli w placówce oświatowej. W oparciu o współczesną teorię i praktykę zarządzania wiedzą, ukazuje elementy, które są niespójne z obecnie obowiązującymi standardami uczenia się dorosłych. Krytycznym spojrzeniem obejmuje takie obszary rozwoju zawodowego jak uczenie się przez doświadczenie, zespoły samokształceniowe oraz rady szkoleniowe. Wszystkie te formy rozwijania własnych kompetencji odbywają się na terenie jego macierzystej placówki. Artykuł jest próbą włączenia się pedagoga-praktyka w dyskusję o roli i formach rozwoju zawodowego nauczycieli oraz kondycji współczesnej szkoły.
PL
Twórczość edukacyjna nauczyciela należy do podstawowych kategorii badawczych we współ- czesnej pedeutologii. Zagadnienie to analizowane jest w powiązaniu z aktywnością dydaktyczną    i wychowawczą w szkole. Wśród różnych powinności współczesnego nauczyciela wymienia się twórczość w myśleniu i działaniu. Powinność ta odnosi się również do nauczyciela wychowania  do życia w rodzinie. Jej realizacja wymaga innowacyjności oraz umiejętności wielostronnego sty- mulowania uczniów do aktywnego udziału procesie nauczania i wychowaniu w polskiej szkole. Twórczość edukacyjna nauczyciela wychowania do życia w rodzinie wymaga bowiem umiejętno- ści przekraczania zastanych reguł postępowania dydaktycznego i wychowawczego oraz tworzenia - na bazie dotychczasowej wiedzy i doświadczenia - nowych rozwiązań edukacyjnych. Istotna jest też zdolność do osobistego namysłu (refleksyjności przed, nad i w trakcie działania) oraz umiejęt- ność podejmowania decyzji, samodzielnego rozstrzyganiu problemów praktycznych, modyfikowa- nia własnych sposobów aktywności zawodowej i działania naznaczonego oryginalnością. Wyżej wymienione właściwości znajdują wyraz w aktywności zawodowej nauczyciela wycho- wania do życia w rodzinie, ukonkretnionej w przekazie wiedzy na temat wielorakich aspektów małżeństwa i rodziny, ludzkiej seksualności, kontaktów interpersonalnych i rozwoju osobowego oraz współczesnych zagrożeń w zakresie życia indywidualnego i społecznego. Nauczyciel wycho- wania do życia w rodzinie ma wspomagać uczniów w kształtowaniu postaw społecznych i moral- nych. Skuteczność jego działalności edukacyjnej jest warunkowana m.in. osobowością nauczyciela wychowania do życia w rodzinie (w tym postawami, wartościami, światopoglądem), samodzielno- ścią w myśleniu i działaniu oraz troską o integralny rozwój uczniów. Za priorytetowe uznaje się  też podmiotowe traktowanie wychowanków, tworzenie atmosfery zaufania i dialogu, stymulowa- nie uczestników zajęć do samodzielności w rozwiązywaniu problemów oraz rozwijanie umiejętno- ści wartościowania w zakresie życia indywidualnego, rodzinnego i społecznego.
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