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EN
The issue of “dangerous” prisoners is of utmost importance, mainly regarding the restrictions imposed on offenders of this category. The restrictions in question introduce significant limitations of the statutory rights of individuals and alter the purposes of the penalty of deprivation of liberty. For this reason, it is necessary to align the Polish law, and above all penitentiary practice, with the international standards of human rights protection. This paper analyses both the Polish legislation and practice in terms of the qualification and treatment of “dangerous” prisoners . The paper points to the obscurity of certain legal regulations and the broad limits of discretion in applying and extending “dangerous prisoner” status. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the concept of distinguishing the category of “dangerous prisoners” and the operation of “N” wards from the perspective of the impact that such heightened isolation exerts on the individual, but also on the society and the penal institution .
EN
Educational processes as an issue, concern not only the society as a whole, but also the part of it, which happens to be rejected, stigmatized and sometimes even isolated. In the period in which the processes of rehabilitation undergo crisis and prison service is looking for effective solutions to reduce recidivism rates, noticing how important education is in the correctional process of a convict is essential. As an educated prisoner is the one who is equipped with instruments giving him or her more opportunities to assimilate into society after leaving a penitentiary unit. Acquisition of professional quali fi cations, education at a secondary level, general, technical or even higher, give a much greater chance of re-adaptation to the environment after serving a sentence.
EN
The article is devoted to the principle of penitentiary proceedings for individuals during the implementation of imprisonment and its coherence with executive systems. The author analyzes both the concept and the content of this principle. She also discusses how it is articulated in the Executive Penal Code. As a result, the article states that this is institutional individualization. In this context, it considers how individualization is consistent with standardized systems of implementation for punishment. It draws attention to various system definitions in Polish penitentiary literature. It estimates that only the system of “programmed impact” creates full conditions for combining (in practice) the level of the system with the level of the individual, i.e. a particular convict. Finally, it states that the title of Section 3 of the Criminal Code is formulated incorrectly, because it can be read that it is about the individualization of punishment, and not about dealing with the convict. This makes it quite difficult to unequivocally assess the way in which solutions aimed at implementing the principle of individualization of imprisonment in prisons are implemented.
EN
The article is comprised of theoretical reflections on work of people deprived of liberty throughout different periods in the history. The first part of the study draws attention to the importance of work as a value attributed to the human nature which is a right and an obligation at the same time. The key functions of work such as an economic, income and social function were mentioned in the paper. The author took account of three basic contexts of work, namely a universalist, Christian and pragmatic one. The pedagogical and psychological dimension of human work and its educational importance were particularly emphasized in the paper and various attitudes of humans towards it (a punitive, instrumental and autotelic attitude) were presented. The subsequent part analyzes the role of work for people deprived of liberty from the evolutionary perspective, i.e. from antiquity to modern times. The author referred to the problem of slavery, forced labour and its material products. The central part of the article constitutes an a empt to review various foreign and Polish penitentiary institutions for people serving the sentence, in which work has become the basic element of the adopted philosophy for prisoners and the rehabilitation strategy resulting therefrom. The final considerations concern the situation of the Polish prison system in the period of systemic transforma ons and contemporary program solutions related to the employment of prisoners.
PL
Treść artykułu stanowią teoretyczne rozważania na temat pracy osób pozbawionych wolności w różnych okresach historycznych. W pierwszej części opracowania zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie pracy jako wartości przypisanej naturze człowieka, będącej zarówno prawem, jak i obowiązkiem. Wspomniano o kluczowych funkcjach pracy: ekonomicznej, dochodowej i społecznej. Uwzględniono trzy zasadnicze konteksty pracy: uniwersalistyczny, chrześcijański i pragmatyczny. Szczególnie zaakcentowano pedagogiczno-psychologiczny wymiar pracy ludzkiej i jej znaczenie wychowawcze, prezentując różne postawy człowieka wobec jej wykonywania (nastawienie punitywne, instrumentalne i autoteliczne). W dalszej części analizowano rolę pracy osób pozbawionych wolności w ujęciu ewolucyjnym – od starożytności po czasy współczesne. Nawiązano do problemu niewolnictwa, pracy przymusowej i jej materialnych wytworów. Centralną część artykułu stanowi próba przeglądu różnych instytucji penitencjarnych (zagranicznych i polskich) dla osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności, w których wykonywanie pracy przez skazanych stało się podstawowym elementem przyjętej filozofii działania i wynikającej stąd strategii resocjalizacyjnej. Końcowe rozważania dotyczą sytuacji polskiego więziennictwa w okresie transformacji ustrojowej i współczesnych rozwiązań programowych wiążących się z pracą osób osadzonych.
PL
Zagadnienia dotyczące współczesnych problemów resocjalizacji wskazują, że proces resocjalizacji jest bardzo złożony. Czynniki egzogenne i endogenne w dużym stopniu utrudniają podejmowanie działań zmierzających do ponownej socjalizacji osób dotychczas niedostosowanych społecznie. Podkreślić należy, że mimo to resocjalizacja się odbywa i niejednokrotnie przynosi pożądane efekty. Osoby resocjalizujące dokładają wszelkich starań, by pomimo utrudnień, osoby, które są poddawane działaniom resocjalizacyjnym zrozumiały, że tylko życie zgodne z normami prawnymi prowadzi do rozwoju, zadowolenia i sukcesów.
EN
Issues related to contemporary problems of resocialization make us realize that the process of resocialization is very complex. Exogenous and endogenous factors make it very difficult to undertake actions aimed at re-socialization of people who have not been socially adapted to date. It should be emphasized that despite this, rehabilitation takes placeand often brings the desired results. Resocializing persons make every effort to ensure that despite impediments, people who are subjected to rehabilitation activities understand that only living in accordance with legal norms leads to development, satisfaction and successes.
EN
The phenomenon of informal degradation still occurs, despite many systemic and penitentiary transformations. Moreover, the injured prisoners (degenerated) represent a particular group among people serving a prison sentence. Their indication arouses from both: who they are (characteristics) and their treatment by the general felonious population. The article describes the results of author’s research on the functioning of victims in Polish prisons, with particular emphasis on (the sense of) security. Hence, the essential was to investigate the factors which determine the above-mentioned feeling that is: causes of prison degradation, as well as interpersonal relations that occur between protected and other prisoners, and how the injured prisoners behave among themselves within one unit. The analysis of these conditions was the basis for the recognition of degenerated prisoner’s personal feelings in the sense of security. As a result, the research was aimed at illustrating the rehabilitation possibilities of people degraded in the prison environment. The articulation of the injured prisoner’s situation, which is not desirable (mostly because of violence danger), aims to develop more effective methods of working with such prisoners.
PL
Pomimo wielu przeobrażeń systemowych i penitencjarnych zjawisko nieformalnej degradacji nadal występuje, a skazani poszkodowani (zdegradowani) reprezentują specyficzną grupę osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności. Ich specyfika wynika zarówno z tego, kim są (cech osobowości), jak i z traktowania ich przez ogół kryminalnej populacji. W artykule opisano wyniki autorskich badań na temat funkcjonowania poszkodowanych w polskich więzieniach ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem (poczucia) bezpieczeństwa. Istotne było zbadanie czynników, które owo poczucie determinują, czyli: przyczyn degradacji więziennej; relacji interpersonalnych, jakie zachodzą pomiędzy chronionymi a pozostałymi więźniami (grypsującymi i niegrypsującymi); zachowania poszkodowanych przebywających w obrębie jednego oddziału. Analiza tych czynników była podstawą do poznania osobistych odczuć zdegradowanych w zakresie poczucia bezpieczeństwa. W rezultacie badania zmierzały do zobrazowania możliwości resocjalizacyjnych osób zdegradowanych w środowisku więziennym. Przeanalizowanie sytuacji poszkodowanych, która nie jest pożądana (głównie ze względu na zagrożenie przemocą), miało na celu wypracowanie skuteczniejszych metod pracy z osobami zdegradowanymi.
EN
The increase of the number of foreigners in prison population poses growing challenges in the everyday practice of penitentiary institutions. The paper focuses on the most important of all the rehabilitation methods – prison education. It discusses legal regulation and penal practice of educating prisoners. In the paper it is outlined what are the norms of national and international law that govern treatment of foreign prisoners. Polish penitentiary law has adopted a rule of non-discrimination of prisoners on the ground of their nationality. Therefore, there are no differences in regulation on prison education between nationals and foreigners. The rationale for this is controversial, concerning the fact that education of foreign prisoners is especially demanding and that they need to get special assistance in assimilating, communicating and learning the language. All foreign prisoners should be prepared for release in a such a way that facilitates their reintegration into society, whether they are to remain in Poland or are to be transferred or expelled.
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