Search results

1

Główne kierunki nowelizacji kodeksu karnego w drodze ustawy z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. oraz ustaw z dnia 11 marca 2016 r.

100%

Król-Bogomilska M.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

|

vol. 65

7-24

PL

This article contains a presentation of all the main amendments to the Penal Code introduced by the Act of February 20, 2015 amending the Act on Penal Code and certain other acts of law (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 396). Most of the provisions of this Act entered into force on July 1, 2015. The change of the criminal law carried out by this Act provides the most extensive amendments to the Penal Code of 1997 from the time of its adoption. The reform of the criminal law was decided due to the defectiveness of practice. At the stage of preparatory works, an emphasis was put on the abuse of custodial sentences with a conditional suspension of their execution, a low rate of individual fines and a too infrequent use of fines and penalties of restriction of liberty. Also, a defective practice was underlined referring to determining the length of a penalty period involving deprivation of liberty at an excessive level in the case of applying conditional suspension of its execution (when the courts determined the term of imprisonment sentences at the level which is much higher than if this sentence was awarded without a conditional suspension of its execution). An emphasis was also put on the presence of high levels of prison population, a high percentage of those serving prison sentences and the existence of a large group of approx. 70 000 people waiting to undergo imprisonment. Most of the changes introduced by this Act refer to penalties. The main changes include creating a broader possibility of applying non-custodial measures. Also, a novelty is an introduction of the possibility of combining the penalty of restriction of liberty with the penalty of imprisonment (which is often referred to as a so-called “mixed punishment”). A number of changes concerning the rules of application of probation measures was introduced. When it comes to conditional suspension of punishment, the possibility of conditional suspension of the penalty of restriction of liberty or an independent fine was excluded; moreover, the possibility of applying this institution was limited – as a rule – only to custodial sentences with a maximum term of imprisonment of one year. In the summary description of the changes to the Penal Code in the article it was emphasized that the far-reaching changes which were introduced were justified mainly by ad-hoc practical considerations. It was considered that the amendments to the Penal Code follow the erroneous – from the point of view of rationality – trend of attempting to solve the current problems of practice by introducing substantive changes. The article also presents subsequent changes to the Penal Code resulting from two acts enacted on the day of March 11, 2016 (Journal of Laws of 2016, item 428) and Journal of Laws of 2016, item 437). The changes referring to the regulations amended or introduced by the act which was discussed in the article were indicated. These changes consist, e.g. in eliminating the new form of execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty associated with the use of an electronic surveillance system and in repealing Article 59a giving rise to the discontinuation of criminal proceedings against the perpetrator, who, prior to the start of the trial in the first instance, repaired the damage or compensated the harm caused, as well as in repealing Article 60a on the so-called “plea-bargaining”.

2

System środków penalnych w projekcie kodeksu wykroczeń

76%

Szumski J.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1994

|

issue XX

53-78

EN

This paper discusses and appraises changes in the system of penal measures in the draft of the Transgressions Code, and to some extent also in the draft of the Code of the Execution of Penalties. A great variety of problems are discussed: the author concentrates on a broad definition of a penal measure, treating as such measure each legal reaction to the fact of transgression, made by a competent agency upon identification of the perpetrator. The discussion concentrates on the draft’s division into penalties and penal measures. Also discussed are other reactions included in the code that can be applied to the perpetrator but do not belong to either of the above two categories. The autor carries out a critical analysis of the solutions concerning penalties, penal measures, alternatives to punishment, and the main directives as to the severity of penal measures. Taken into account in the analysis have been, on the one hand, the praiseworthy regulations, most of which result from acceptance by authors of the draft of postulates, made for a long time by the doctrine and aimed toward the rationalization and humanization of Polish law on transgressions. On the other hand, the analysis paints out those solutions which the author finds to be redundant or improperly formulated With respect to reactions that are termed “penalties” the author declares himself a resolved opponent of arrest: in his opinion, that penalty should not be imposed on perpetrators of the pettiest transgressions, the more so as some of the offences specified in the draft code are not threatened with deprivation of liberty at all. Here, the practice of deciding in cases of transgressions is brought to mind where arrest was usually imposed for disturbances of public order or peace committed by intoxicated persons; most of such perpetrators were alcoholics, and their short-term imprisonment was in fact a specific preventive measure. The author also expresses his support of the renouncement of the institution of conditional suspention of the penalty of arrest (should even arrest be preserved in the future code): in practice, instead of limiting the use of arrest, that institution was treated as a self-standing reaction, a substitute for the penal measures not involving deprivation of liberty. On the other hand, the author praises the elimination from the draft of the penalty of limitation of liberty which fails to come up to expectations as an alternative to arrest and only causes serious problems with its execution. As regards, further, the penalty of fines ‒ the basic reaction towards perpetrators of transgressions ‒ the author considers the pros and cons and declarls himself in favor of the system of daily rates. Aware of the controversial nature of this suggestion, he justifies it mainly with the need for the unification of the system of imposition of fines in penal law and the law on transgressions. The author praises the solution where only the court is empowered to impose arrest in default of paying a fine. In principle, he also praises the way this sphere ‒ the main weak point of decisions in cases of transgressions so far ‒ has been regulated in the draft of the Code of the Execution of Penalties. Here, arrest as a substitute for fines is treated as the last resort, and many solutions are Offerd to cause the payment of a fine; fines can even be defanted on if then cannot be paid for reasons beyond the convicted person’s control, and it proves impossible or inexpedient to carry out that penalty in another way. The author believes, however, that some of the solutions suggested in the draft of the Code of the Execution of Penalties have not been formulated with sufficient precision. As far as penal measures are concerned ‒ under the draft of the Transgressions Code, they include with deawal of a driving license, forfeiture of property, and payment to the injured person or for a public purpose ‒ the author criticizes mainly the limited possibilities of their application as self-standing measures: they can only be applied in the case of renouncement of inflicting a punishment. This solution is in fact a preservation of the possibility, criticized by scientific community, of the accumulation of different penal measures, and leads to unnecessary aggravation of punishment. On the other hand, the author praises many other novel solutions related to penal measures, including in particular a considerable mitigation of the statutory application of a most annoying withdrawal of a driving license; in his opinion, however, that ban should be optional and not obligatory. The author also praises the regulation of forfeiture of propesty, mainly because of the ban on its application if the decision to impose it were out of proportion with the seriousness of the transgression. Besides, the author fully approves of the renunciation of the former additional penalty, the “ban on pursuit of definite activity or performance of functions requiring a license”, and also of the labelling measure of publication of the sentence. In the sphere of general directives of the imposition of penal measures, the draft is based on the concept which combines elements of just retribution (proportional to guilt) and special prevention. The former directive is to define the maximum degree of severity of reaction under penal law, while the latter should influence the choice and extent of the penal measure applied. Unlike the draft of the Penal Code, the draft of the Transgressions Code does not include the directive of general prevention. The present author praises this omission and supports the opinion, popular in scientific community, that general prevention should be included in the statutory sanctions while its aims can be achieved within the directive of just retribution. With respect to the latter, the author argues that reaction of penal law should be commensurate not only with the guilt but also with the seriousness of the act; he also stresses that compensation for the damages done to the injured person should become an integral part of just retribution, and acquire an important position in the future Transgressions Code. Further discussion concerns alternatives to punishment, that is: (1) renunciaton of inflicting punishment, and (2) refusal to start proceedings before the boards for the adjudication of transgressions where the case is referred to other agencies (e.g. place of employment or school) for application of so-callcd educational measures. Under the draft, renunciation of inflicting punishment may consist both in a complete renunciation of applying any penal measure, and in rcnunciation of imposing a penalty which is combined with the application of another penal measure. In the author’s opinion; this solution has to be modified. The very name of the institution concerned here can hardly be squared with the possibility of applying a penal measure, often one ‒ e.g. withdrawal of a driving license ‒ that is actually more severe than a penalty such as a small fine. For this reason, the author’s suggestion aims at a situation where renunciation of inflicting punishment would consist only in abandonment of the application of any measures whatever. Instead, the possibilities of application of self-standing penal measures should be much extended and regulated by separate provisions. The other of the above-mentioned institutions, whose regulation violates the principle of definiteness of reaction under penal law, should be eliminated altogether. What also speaks for this solution is the fact that the institution concerned is based on a belief in the effectiveness of educational actions which has not been verified empirically; moreover, its application may expose the offender to consequences more severe (e.g. dismissal from work) than those resulting from proceedings before the beards for the adjudication of transgressions. In the final part of the paper, the author comments on the general conception of the Polish reform of broadly conceived penal law. He proclaims himself in favor of the opinion, found in literature, that Polish law has to be amended radically (based on the suggestions contained in the draft), and that the work on its codification have to proceed parallel to its amendment; they must also be given sufficient time to be completed.

3

NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRIMINAL LAW THE PRIMACY OF NON-CUSTODIAL PENALTIES AND THE COMPENSATORY FUNCTION

75%

Fibinger J. J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2016

|

issue 4

98-124

EN

The paper is focused on the consequences of the amendment of the Penal Code provisions relating to the penalties, providing a theoretical background for the problems of penalties considered as a part of the Penal Code as well as indicating the current problems of judicial practice in that respect. Especially, the author focuses on the legislator’s assumptions, namely the introduction of the primacy of non-custodial penalties and the emphasis of the compensatory function of criminal law.

4

Quittances et titres de propriété araméens du VIIe siècle av.n.è.

75%

Lipiński E.

Rocznik Orientalistyczny

|

2019

|

issue 1

5

Kary i nagrody stosowane przez rodziców a samoocena młodzieży

63%

Kuźmik M.

Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe

|

2017

|

issue 2

197-208

PL

Samoocena jest jedną z podstawowych potrzeb każdej jednostki. Może być również cennym zasobem pozwalającym jednostce na samorealizację. Celem badań było przedstawienie związków między samooceną oraz poszczególnymi karami i nagrodami. Analiza odpowiedzi udzielonych przez gimnazjalistów w kwestionariuszu ankiety wskazuje na ważną rolę wzmocnień pozytywnych w kształtowaniu poczucia własnej wartości tej grupy respondentów.

EN

Self-esteem is one of elementary needs of each individual. It can be also a precious resource, that allows self-realization. The main goal of research was to present relations between selfesteem and specific penalties and rewards. Analysis of answers granted by respondents in questionary shows significant meaning of positive reinforcments in shaping high self-esteem in tested group.

6

Odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna nauczycieli akademickich

63%

Wiliński K., Szatkowska A.

Studia Iuridica

|

2018

|

vol. 78

497-516

PL

The purpose of this article is to analyze legal regulations pertaining to disciplinary liability of academic staff in Poland. It is composed of two integral parts: first, it describes questions connected with the basics of disciplinary liability of academic staff, including premise of liability and penalty and second, it centers around notions of legal system and disciplinary litigations initiated by university disciplinary committees for academic staff. Due to the vastness of the topic, this paper is confined to proceedings conducted by the authority of first instance exclusively. It also analyses disciplinary proceedings of academic teachers in a draft law amending the Law on Higher Education.

7

Główne kierunki nowelizacji kodeksu karnego w drodze ustawy z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. oraz ustaw z dnia 11 marca 2016 r.

63%

Król-Bogomilska M.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 65

7-24

EN

This article contains a presentation of all the main amendments to the Penal Code introduced by the Act of February 20, 2015 amending the Act on Penal Code and certain other acts of law (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 396). Most of the provisions of this Act entered into force on July 1, 2015. The change of the criminal law carried out by this Act provides the most extensive amendments to the Penal Code of 1997 from the time of its adoption. The reform of the criminal law was decided due to the defectiveness of practice. At the stage of preparatory works, an emphasis was put on the abuse of custodial sentences with a conditional suspension of their execution, a low rate of individual fines and a too infrequent use of fines and penalties of restriction of liberty. Also, a defective practice was underlined referring to determining the length of a penalty period involving deprivation of liberty at an excessive level in the case of applying conditional suspension of its execution (when the courts determined the term of imprisonment sentences at the level which is much higher than if this sentence was awarded without a conditional suspension of its execution). An emphasis was also put on the presence of high levels of prison population, a high percentage of those serving prison sentences and the existence of a large group of approx. 70 000 people waiting to undergo imprisonment. Most of the changes introduced by this Act refer to penalties. The main changes include creating a broader possibility of applying non-custodial measures. Also, a novelty is an introduction of the possibility of combining the penalty of restriction of liberty with the penalty of imprisonment (which is often referred to as a so-called “mixed punishment”). A number of changes concerning the rules of application of probation measures was introduced. When it comes to conditional suspension of punishment, the possibility of conditional suspension of the penalty of restriction of liberty or an independent fine was excluded; moreover, the possibility of applying this institution was limited – as a rule – only to custodial sentences with a maximum term of imprisonment of one year. In the summary description of the changes to the Penal Code in the article it was emphasized that the far-reaching changes which were introduced were justified mainly by ad-hoc practical considerations. It was considered that the amendments to the Penal Code follow the erroneous – from the point of view of rationality – trend of attempting to solve the current problems of practice by introducing substantive changes. The article also presents subsequent changes to the Penal Code resulting from two acts enacted on the day of March 11, 2016 (Journal of Laws of 2016, item 428) and Journal of Laws of 2016, item 437). The changes referring to the regulations amended or introduced by the act which was discussed in the article were indicated. These changes consist, e.g. in eliminating the new form of execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty associated with the use of an electronic surveillance system and in repealing Article 59a giving rise to the discontinuation of criminal proceedings against the perpetrator, who, prior to the start of the trial in the first instance, repaired the damage or compensated the harm caused, as well as in repealing Article 60a on the so-called “plea-bargaining”.

8

Violence rooted from school and family: Voices of Vietnamese insiders

63%

Phan Thị Tuyết V.

Language, Discourse & Society

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2019

|

vol. 7

|

issue 1

109-125

EN

The article aims to point out a social phenomenon in Vietnam currently which is recognized as both visible and invisible violence from parents and teachers to their children or learners at different levels of general education16. The focus of this study is to interpret violence as a result of parents and teachers’ excessive demand on the study of their children or learners. A survey was employed to collect data from 265 primary and high school students about the behavior of their parents and teachers on issues related their learning to clarify the research problem. The findings analyze the phenomenon from emphasizing the forms of violence significantly resulting from teachers’ behavior when young learners make mistakes at school and parents’ concerns and behavior towards their children’s learning; simultaneously, the consequences of this type of violence are also examined from the insiders’ voices of the learners in a comprehensive picture for various types of violence. These forms of violence may not be recognized in other contexts, but in Vietnamese families and schools. The results of the article can contribute considerably to not only raise awareness in Vietnam specifically and in Asia generally about of the notions of violence on our young generation but also recognize the needs of young generations in their learning.

9

Seven infringements most frequently committed by competitors during a judo fight

63%

Adam M., Laskowski R., Kownacki S., Abele A., Smaruj M.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2018

|

vol. 18

|

issue 4

39-45

EN

Problem and aim. Changes and adjustments to sports rules of judo fighting introduced in 2014 were in force during the World Championships in 2014 and 2015 as well as during the judo tournament at the Olympic Games in 2016. The most significant changes introduced in 2014 included reducing the importance of warnings that could not balance effective technical attacks such as yuko and waza ari. An athlete could receive a warning three times during one fight, which would determine winning the fight by ten points (ippon). However, a warning received for the fourth time would lead to the athlete’s disqualification. Taking into account the fact that penalties are an important part of technical and tactical preparation in judo, the purpose of the research was to define the most common infringements in this sport. Method. The research material was made of an analysis of 846 fights conducted by men during the World Championships in 2014 and 2015, in which all warnings were registered. Results. The collected material allowed concluding that non- combativity during a fight was the most frequently committed rule infringement. Seven most frequent infringements accounted for over ninety percent of all registered penalties in these contests, while the sports rules specify more than forty of them.

PL

Problem i cel. Zmiany przepisów sportowych walki w judo wprowadzone w 2014 roku obowiązywały podczas rozgrywania Mistrzostw Świata w roku 2014 i 2015 oraz podczas Igrzysk Olimpijskich w 2016 roku. Do najbardziej istotnych korekt wprowadzonych w 2014 roku należało ograniczenie znaczenia upomnień, które nie mogły równoważyć skutecznych ataków technicznych takich jak yuko (5 punktów) i waza ari (7 punktów). Korekty w przepisach, poza troską o bezpieczeństwo sportowców, mają również na celu zwiększenie widowiskowości walki „positive judo”. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że dotychczasowe analizy walki w judo koncentrowały się głównie na skuteczności wykonania technik, a problematyka kar była rzadziej podejmowana, celem badań było określenie najczęściej popełnianych przewinień w tej dyscyplinie sportu. Materiał i metoda. Materiał badawczy stanowiła analiza 846 walk stoczonych przez mężczyzn podczas Mistrzostw Świata w 2014 i 2015 roku, w których zarejestrowano wszystkie upomnienia sędziowskie, które otrzymali zawodnicy. Wyniki. Zebrany materiał pozwolił stwierdzić, że do najczęściej popełnianych przewinień należał braku aktywności podczas walki. Kolejnych siedem powtarzających się wykroczeń, które popełniali zawodnicy, stanowiło ponad dziewięćdziesiąt procent wszystkich zarejestrowanych w tych zawodach kar, podczas gdy regulamin sportowy Międzynarodowej Federacji Judo określa ich ponad czterdzieści.

10

Kilka uwag do projektu nowelizacji ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów

63%

Maziarz A.

|

2013

|

vol. 2

|

issue 7

8-15

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wybrane propozycje zmian zawarte w projekcie ustawy o zmianie ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów oraz ustawy – Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Wybrane rozwiązania zostały poddane analizie w porównaniu z analogicznymi rozwiązaniami przyjętymi w prawie Unii Europejskiej oraz w prawie wybranych krajów. Dodatkowo artykuł dokonuje oceny planowanych zmian w odniesieniu do postulatów doktryny. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono syntetyczną ocenę całego projektu ustawy nowelizacyjnej.

EN

This paper presents some of the changes proposed by the Draft Act Amending the Law on Competition and Consumer Protection of 2007. They are analyzed in comparison with analogous solutions adopted in EU law as well as in selected cou ntries. The article also assesses the planned amendments in light of the views expressed by Polish doctrine. The summary of the article contains a synthetic evaluation of the entire Draft Amendment Act.

11

Zakazana reklama aptek

63%

Samulska K.

Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa

|

2018

|

issue 4

35-50

PL

Artykuł pt. Zakazana reklama aptek ma na celu analizę przepisów prawnych dotyczących tytułowego zagadnienia. Zgodnie z dyspozycją art. 94a ust. 1, ust. 2 i ust. 3 Ustawy z dnia 6 września 2001 r. – Prawo farmaceutyczne zabroniona jest reklama aptek i punktów aptecznych oraz ich działalności. Nie stanowi reklamy informacja o lokalizacji i godzinach pracy apteki lub punktu aptecznego. Z uwagi na fakt, że powyższy przepis od początku obowiązywania budził i nadal budzi kontrowersje, dokonano analizy tego przepisu w świetle widzenia orzecznictwa sądów. Rozważaniom poddano zakres dopuszczonej reklamy aptek ukształtowany na bazie orzecznictwa. Omówiono pojęcie apteka i punkt apteczny oraz metody i formy zakazanej reklamy aptek. Przedmiotem zainteresowania był także cel wprowadzenia zakazu reklamy aptek, jak i kary przewidzianej za naruszenie omawianego zakazu. Wskazano na relacje zachodzące pomiędzy obowiązkami nałożonymi na farmaceutów a nałożonym zakazem reklamy aptek. Sformułowano poglądy de lege ferenda w przedmiotowym temacie.

EN

Article on Prohibited advertising of pharmacies is aimed at analyzing the legal provisions regarding the title of play. In accordance with the instruction of art. 94a paragraph 1, para. 2 and par. 3 of the Act of 6 September 2001. Pharmaceutical Law, advertising of pharmacies and pharmacy points and their activities is prohibited. It is not advertising information about the location and working hours of the pharmacy or pharmacy point. Due to the fact that the above‑mentioned regulation raised and continues to be controversial from the very beginning, the analysis of this provision was made in the light of the judicial decisions. The scope of allowed advertising for pharmacies shaped on the basis of court decisions was considered. The concept of pharmacies and a pharmacy point as well as the method and form of prohibited pharmacy advertising are discussed. The object of the interest was also the objective of prohibiting the advertising of pharmacies, as well as the penalties provided for violating the prohibition in question. The relationship between duties imposed on pharmacists and the imposed advertising ban on pharmacies was indicated. De lege ferenda views were formulated in this topic.

12

Kary nakładane przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego za naruszenie obowiązków informacyjnych w zakresie sprawozdawczości finansowej

51%

Kurek B., Górowski I.

Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości

|

2019

|

issue 102(158)

111-129

PL

Celem artykułu jest przegląd i analiza ilościowo-wartościowa kar nałożonych na osoby prawne przez KNF za niedopełnienie obowiązków informacyjnych w zakresie sprawozdawczości finansowej, a także zaproponowanie klasyfikacji i rankingu przewinień związanych z zawartością informacji sprawozdawczej (to jest informacji zawartej w raportach okresowych). Opracowanie wypełnia lukę badawczą w trzech aspektach. Po pierwsze, dokonano kompleksowej analizy różnego typu naruszeń związanych z nieprawidłową zawartością sprawozdania finansowego i zaprezentowano odpowiednie statystyki opisowe badanych zbiorów. Po drugie, zidentyfikowano obszary sprawozdawczości, w których spółki najczęściej dopuszczają się naruszeń. Pozwoliło to na opracowanie klasyfikacji naruszeń obejmującej trzy klasy (Recognition, Measurement i Disclosure). Po trzecie, w każdej klasie naruszeń zidentyfikowano podklasy i stworzono ranking przewinień według częstości ich występowania. KNF w latach 2006–2018 nałożył łącznie 1216 kar, w tym 55 kar na osoby prawne za niewykonanie bądź niewłaściwe wykonanie obowiązków informacyjnych, dotyczących sprawozdawczości finansowej o łącznej wartości 15 390 000 zł. Wśród kar związa-nych z zawartością informacji sprawozdawczej aż 56% naruszeń w obszarze sprawozdawczości finansowej dotyczy klasy Disclosure. Najczęstsze naruszenia dotyczą ujawnień związanych z raportowaniem w informacji dodatkowej różnego rodzaju ryzyka. W opracowaniu wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: metoda analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa, metoda analizy treści dokumentów, metoda analizy i syntezy oraz klasyfikacji naruszeń obowiązków informacyjnych, metody statystyczne.

EN

The aim of the paper is to review and conduct quantitative analysis of penalties imposed on companies by Polish Financial Supervision Authority for non-fulfilment of financial reporting informational obligations, and to propose a classification and ranking of violations associated with the content of information from financial statements. This study fills the research gap in three ways. Firstly, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of various types of violations associated with incorrect content of financial statements, and disclosed relevant descriptive statistics for the analysed samples. Secondly, we have identified areas of financial reporting which are most frequently violated by companies. It enabled us to develop the classification of violations that covers three classes (“Recognition”, “Measurement” and “Disclosure”). Thirdly, in each of these classes we have identified subclasses and established the frequency ranking of violations. In the period 2006-2018 PFSA imposed 1216 penalties, including 55 penalties with a total value of 15 390 000 PLN that were imposed on companies for the lack of fulfilment or incorrect fulfilment of financial reporting informational obligations. Among penalties associated with the content of information from financial statements, 56% of violations were classified as “Disclosure”. Most frequent violations pertain to disclosures in the notes to financial statements that are connected to various types of risks. The following research methods were used: analysis and critique of literature, content analysis of documents, analysis and synthesis and classification of violations of informational obligations, statistical methods.

13

Rozkwit doktryny prawa karnego w Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym – ośrodki, uczeni, idee

51%

Janicka D.

Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

|

2019

|

vol. 22

185-208

EN

The interwar period was marked by a significant growth of the criminal law doctrine in Poland. Along with senior academics – professors Krzymuski and Miklaszewski, an extensive research was developed by the representatives of the younger generation, including professors Makarewicz, Makowski, Mogilnicki and Rappaport, and the representatives of the new generation, among those the most prominent were professors: Wolter, Śliwiński, Glaser, Wróblewski, Radzinowicz, Papierkowski, Świda and others. Five university law faculties – in Warsaw, Cracow, Lviv, Vilnius and Poznań – were the most important Polish criminal law centres. The Polish scholars undertook all the fundamental and current issues regarding penal studies in a whole, including criminology and penal policy, which were structuralizing at the time. The theories and ideas presented by them corresponded to the modern European and global trends. Numerous enlightened conceptions of the Polish scholars were realised in the criminal code, administrative offences law, prison act and other legal acts. The original and modern juvenile law created in the interwar period, which was constituted in adequate sections of the criminal code and the code of penal proceedings, deserves a particularly high grade.

PL

Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne było w Polsce okresem wspaniałego rozwoju doktryny prawa karnego. Obok najstarszych profesorów – Krzymuskiego czy Miklaszewskiego, wszechstronną działalność rozwinęli przedstawiciele średniej generacji, zwłaszcza profesorowie Makarewicz, Makowski, Mogilnicki i Rappaport, a także młodego pokolenia, wśród których wyróżniali się profesorowie Wolter, Śliwiński, Glaser, Wróblewski, Radzinowicz, Papierkowski, Świda i inni. Rolę centrów polskiej myśli prawnokarnej odgrywało pięć uniwersyteckich wydziałów prawa: w Warszawie, Krakowie, Lwowie, Wilnie i Poznaniu. Polscy uczeni podjęli wszystkie fundamentalne i aktualne problemy obejmujące całość nauk penalnych, w tym kształtującej się ówcześnie kryminologii i polityki kryminalnej. Głoszone teorie i idee odpowiadały nowoczesnym trendom europejskim i światowym. Wiele postępowych koncepcji polskich uczonych znalazło odzwierciedlenie w wydanym kodeksie karnym, prawie o wykroczeniach, ustawie o organizacji więziennictwa i innych aktach prawnych. Na szczególnie wysoką ocenę zasługuje wydane w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym oryginalne i nowoczesne prawo dla nieletnich, które umieszczono w odpowiednich rozdziałach kodeksu karnego i kodeksu postępowania karnego.

14

Przyrost regulacji bankowych w Unii Europejskiej a działania dyscyplinujące organów nadzoru bankowego w okresie pokryzysowym

51%

Czajkowska I.

Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda

|

2019

|

vol. 2

|

issue 1(3)

30-49

PL

W artykule podjęto problematykę nasilenia obciążeń regulacyjnych na europejskim rynku bankowym w okresie pokryzysowym, znaczenia funkcji zgodności (compliance) oraz działań dyscyplinujących (enforcement actions) organów nadzoru bankowego. Celem artykułu jest analiza zależności zachodzących pomiędzy liczbą i złożonością regulacji bankowych w okresie pokryzysowym, a rolą funkcji compliance oraz znaczeniem działań dyscyplinujących organów nadzoru bankowego. Podjęto również próbę analizy skali przyrostu pokryzysowych regulacji bankowych w UE. Wyniki badań wskazują, że wzrost liczby pokryzysowych regulacji bankowych oraz poziomu ich skomplikowania wymaga również intensyfikacji działań dyscyplinujących ze strony organów nadzoru bankowego.

EN

This article addresses an issue of the increase in banking regulations in the European Union in the post-crisis period, and importance of the compliance function and enforcement actions of banking supervision authorities. The purpose of the article is to analyze links between the increase in the regulatory requirements for banks in the post-crisis period, as well as the role of the compliance function and enforcement actions of banking supervision authorities. An attempt is also made to analyze the scale of expansion of post-crisis banking regulations in the European Union. The results indicate that an increased number of post-crisis banking regulations and their level of complexity leads to the intensification of disciplinary measures by the banking supervision authorities.

15

Wadliwe uzasadnienie jako postawa unieważnienia decyzji Komisji Europejskiej w świetle aktualnego orzecznictwa TSUE dotyczącego kontroli przedsiębiorstw

51%

de Bazelaire de Ruppierre M.

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny

|

2016

|

vol. 5

|

issue 7

45-59

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu dokonanie analizy obowiązku uzasadniania aktów UE w odniesieniu do decyzji Komisji wydawanych w związku z kontrolą przedsiębiorstwa podejrzanego o działania antykonkurencyjne. Wskazuje na wymogi, jakie musi spełniać uzasadnienie zgodnie z art. 296 TFUE i orzecznictwem oraz przybliża kryteria, jakimi kieruje się TSUE, dokonując oceny tego obowiązku. Poruszana jest również kwestia skutków wyroku unieważniającego akt, a także analizowana efektywność ochrony uprawnień przedsiębiorców.

EN

This article aims to analyse the European Commission’s obligation to state the reasons for decision issued in connection with the control of an undertaking suspected of anti-competitive activities. It indicates requirements that statement of reasons has to meet in order to remain in conformity with Article 296 TFEU and the case-law, as well as depicts the criteria of assessment used by the CJEU to verify the fulfilment of those conditions. It also addresses the issue of legal effects of the judgment annulling the decision and it ponders on the effectiveness of the protection of the rights of undertakings.

16

System monitorowania przewozu drogowego i kolejowego niektórych towarów (SENT) – eksplikacja de lege lata

51%

Macudziński M.

Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa

|

2019

|

issue 7

25-41

PL

Niniejsza publikacja przybliża aktualny stan prawny w obszarze wykorzystywania jednego z wielu informatycznych narzędzi służących do uszczelniania systemu podatkowego, jakim jest system monitorowania przewozu drogowego i kolejowego niektórych towarów, zwany systemem SENT. W opracowaniu przedstawiono główne założenia przepisów ustawy, w tym obowiązki uczestników obrotu „towarami wrażliwymi” oraz uprawnienia kontrolne organów Krajowej Administracji Skarbowej. Szczegółowej ocenie poddano standardy systemu monitorowania drogowego, jego wymogi techniczne, charakterystykę, a także wskazano na kluczową rolę, jaką odgrywa on obecnie w polskim systemie podatkowym. Nie pominięto również zagadnień związanych z odpowiedzialnością karną, jaką ponoszą podmioty zobowiązane za niewywiązywanie się z obowiązków wynikających z wymogów stosowania omawianej ustawy.

EN

This publication presents the current legal status in the area of using one of many IT tools for sealing the tax system, which is the monitoring system for road and rail transport of some goods, called the SENT system. The study presents the main assumptions of the provisions of the Act, including the obligations of “sensitive goods” trading participants and control powers of the organs of the National Tax Administration. The standards of the road monitoring system, its technical requirements and characteristics were thoroughly assessed and, what is more, the key role that it currently plays in the Polish tax system was indicated. The issues related to criminal liability borne by entities obliged to pay for failure to comply with the obligations resulting from the application of the Act in question, have not been disregarded.

17

UKRAIŃSKIE KARY W PRAWIE KARNYM W PRZEKŁADZIE NA JĘZYK POLSKI

45%

LITWIN K., RACHTAN Ł.

Comparative Legilinguistics

|

2012

|

vol. 9

41-54

EN

The bonds between Ukraine and Poland, developing collaboration also within the framework of mutual legal assistance between justice departments cause growing demand for legal translations in the field of criminal law. The absence of legal dictionaries and academic papers about Ukrainian legal terminology and the system of penalties in Ukraine leads to difficulties connected with providing equivalents by comparing parallel texts of statutes of these two countries. This paper analyses twelve types of penalties, regulated by criminal law of Ukraine, in the context of translation problems encountered in Ukrainian-Polish translation of legal texts. After presenting a brief comparison of Ukrainian and Polish regulations in different fields of law, the authors discuss the problematic issues connected with translation of the Ukrainian names of penalties, and also provide recommendations how to translate those terms effectively.

PL

Sąsiedztwo Polski i Ukrainy, rozwijająca się współpraca, również w zakresie pomocy prawnej pomiędzy organami wymiaru sprawiedliwości, powoduje rosnące zapotrzebowanie na tłumaczenia tekstów prawnych z dziedziny prawa karnego. Ze względu na brak pomocy naukowych poruszających problematykę ukraińskiej terminologii prawniczej, w tym systemu kar Ukrainy, tłumacz stoi przed trudnym wyzwaniem polegającym na badaniu aktów prawnych obu państw, ich interpretacji i wyborze ostatecznego wariantu tłumaczenia. Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi omówienie dwunastu rodzajów kar, przewidzianych w prawie karnym Ukrainy, w kontekście problematyki tłumaczenia tekstów prawnych na język polski. Zestawiając przepisy ukraińskie i polskie, dotyczące różnorodnych gałęzi prawa, wyjaśnione zostały kwestie problematyczne w procesie tłumaczenia ukraińskich terminów dotyczących kar kryminalnych, a także przedstawione zostały propozycje ich prawidłowego przekładu.

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