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EN
All the works, dealing with the nationality problem fundamentally, need a kind of generally applicable basis in the form of a consensus in connection with the usage of theoretical concepts like people and nation. In the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy primarily the complexity of factors and the lack of unity meant a problem that also characterised the particular Austrian nationality question. So, in the contemporary Austria, three radically different elements were against each other. Various ethnic groups, as well as the historical units of kingdoms and provinces were opposing the central power whilst the demands of the ethnic groups in comparison with the demands of the other two groups became more and more significant and radical. Nation and nationality are the products of social development, thus cannot be defined without the consideration of the geographical and chronological scope in question; in other words, in the Habsburg Monarchy of the 19th century, one way to define nation and nationality led through the contemporary theories of these concepts.
EN
The societies today, especially in the so-called ‘West’, seem irreversible crisis both from an organizational and economically and especially on that of the ‘values’ (religious or secular, that are). In Central Europe Mediterranean we had the illusion that the creation and the EIB, the Community Union and now in Europe, was the solution to the ‘problem’. Instead, not only proved to be inadequate, but is ending itself to become great or at least part of the problem. One of the main nodes consists in the alienation individual with respect to policy management, increasingly the preserve of oligarchies. There is much to say and much to do. Above all it is necessary to redesign the ‘model’ of society, overcoming the abstractness of the concept of State, and proposing joint truthful and not patterns worn and often harbingers of fictions. It should be cautioned, however, that there is no perfect model and, therefore, it is necessary to assume a ‘dynamic model’. Experience shows that the proposed solutions often arouse enthusiasm and expectations that, after a certain interval, fade and ineffective, therefore democracy needs to know how to renew and reshape consistently and regularly, according to a model of democracy that would define recurring.
4
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On limbless heroes

88%
Progress in Health Sciences
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 1
254-264
XX
Usually articles on the history of amputation of limbs, focus on the surgeons, techniques and on the artificial limbs. Some people after amputation of limbs, survived even before the introduction of antibiotics, knowledge about antisepsis, sophisticated surgical techniques and the introduction of modern radiology. In my 40 years of experience in clinical rehabilitation medicine, I realize that most people with physical disability, do not seek sensation or risks. This article will focus on famous amputees who continued their military career in-spite of their injury and disability.
EN
The article describes the ideas of people's sovereignty and division of powers, which are the foundation of world constitutionalism as a historical phenomenon. The author analyzes the evolution of the notions of popular sovereignty and distribution of powers, as well as the factors that determine their relevance with regard to modern social practices in different countries, primarily in Ukraine. In the context of the concept of popular sovereignty, the article explores interpretations of the people, including legal, as well as the content and nature of the people's right to uprising even against formally legitimate rulers who usurped power and abuses it. In line with the concept of the division of powers, the main forms of government are considered. It is emphasized that the form of government, which was adopted in Ukraine in the early 90's, is merely a simulation of the corresponding forms. The article examines the reception of the ideas of national sovereignty and distribution of powers by the authors of the program documents of Ukrainian political parties at the beginning of the XX century, as well as constitutional projects and acts of constitutional significance, promulgated and approved during the national liberation movement of 1917-1921. The author notes that explicit authoritarianism in the organization and implementation of power and some formal features of parliamentary government or the intention to implement it for objective reasons often combined in this period
EN
Aim. The aim of this article is to analyse Aboriginal myths and discover the relationship between animals and humans in the beliefs of the indigenous Australians. The article attempts to explain how animals are described when compared to people and vice. Furthermore, the author endeavours to establish what the relationship looks like and how it is presented.   Methods. As Aboriginal myths and mythologies have been evolving for hundreds and thousands of years, it is not possible to analyse every single myth. Hence, in order to narrow them down, only the myths presented by Alexander Wyclif Reed will be analysed. The analysis will be conducted from the perspective of Animals Studies, with a particular focus on the contemporary ecological views presented by a contemporary representative of an ecological turn and animal rights scholar, Peter Wohlleben. The analysis will focus on three main aspects: parenting/motherly love, instincts, feelings and emotions.   Results. The analysis shows that animals were of the utmost importance in the Aboriginal everyday life and most of the time were treated on a par with humans. Just like the Aboriginal point of view, contemporary attitude to Animal Studies attempts to alter the view according to which animals are devoid of feelings and intelligence.   Conclusions. Animals seem to have a crucial role in every aspect of Aboriginal everyday life, including religious and social. They were not perceived as lesser or worse; conversely, Aboriginals considered them to be as intelligent and significant as the Aboriginal people themselves.  
EN
Florian Znaniecki – a representative of humanistic sociology – claims in his works that a nation is a product of civilization, a cultural group, organized on the principle of leadership. As a spiritual community it can exist independently of the territory and state organization, it is historically variable, its existence is determined by culture that encompasses the entire work of a nation, all material- technical, intellectual, artistic and aesthetic products as well as a language and other symbols as means of communication, all patterns of behaviour and actions, values and ideals (freedom, justice, honor) and standards arising from them. National culture, customs, religious worship, beliefs and ideals of national historical tradition are shared values and national groups are potentially available to all members of the group. “The principle of separateness” of a nation as a cultural group is shared culture. In democratic conditions of the Third Republic of Poland circumstances for the functioning and development of various types of societies based on the criteria of identity were created. In accordance with F. Znaniecki’s intention, national and ethnic groups can develop national culture or pursue shared cultural ideals. The article is an attempt to answer the question: "To what extent are the ideas of F. Znaniecki’s national society implemented in the Third Republic of Poland?" Referring to the literature, the author presents the ideas of F. Znaniecki’s national society, selected institutions and national organizations operating in the Third Republic of Poland.
Mäetagused
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2016
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vol. 65
13-30
EN
The article studies folklore research in the context of the multidisciplinary research field of border studies. The article is a conceptual thought experiment enquiring how the central concepts of folklore, such as ‘people’, ‘tradition’, and ‘identity’ can be redefined when they are examined together with the central concepts of border studies, such as ‘border’ and ‘borderland’. The latter function as a means to reflexively study and deconstruct the concepts ‘people’, ‘tradition’, and ‘identity’. The article claims that in the context of national order (Foucault) the borderland cultures and identities appear as the ‘other’ and as incompatible elements of national cultures and identities. Therefore, until recently, the borderland cultures and identities have not been recognised as objects of research in the history of folklore research. In the context of multidisciplinary border studies the border cultures, identities, and traditions may appear as negotiable, dynamic, and genuine forms. It is important for folklore research to recognise these forms as the objects of research. When these forms are recognised in folklore research, it is possible to renew concepts and methods in research so that they become deterritorially defined, transnational, and post-national. The examined material includes articles in folklore research and border studies.
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi preludium do podjęcia dyskusji o wpływie BIZ na poprawę innowacyjności danego kraju, regionu przez tworzenie smart city, które z jednej strony jest udogodnieniem dla człowieka, a z drugiej strony może stać się jego bolączką.
EN
This elaboration is a prelude to discuss the impact of FDI on improving the innovation of a given country, region by creating a smart city which, on the one hand, is a convenience for people, while, on the other hand, can become a trouble.
EN
The article aims to study the usages of the “people” as a critical idea in the texts of two contemporary radical political philosophers: Slavoj Žižek and Alain Badiou. The author’s intention is not so much to point out the divergence between them, rather it is to grasp a common trend imposing the figure of the “people” as a main subject of the political and as a source of a desired, but hardly conceivable social change. The strong appeal to an epochal rupture, yet unsupported by any utopia, could be considered as a double crisis—of the institutions of liberal democracy as well as of the critical imagi-nation itself.
EN
Taking as his point of departure the London Tottenham riots, a product of a mob lacking political consciousness and postulates, the author strives to identify the fundamental deadlock (aporia) confronting western parliamentary democracy.Nowadays, collective phenomena are analyzed within a moral-economic frameworkwhich reduces the perspective on society to a sumof individuals. This contradiction is responsible for the reductionism which is leading the latest theories of social and political philosophy to the conclusion that we have reached “the end of politics” and are venturing into the “postpolitical era.” According to this author, rather than describing the essence of the problem, these terms are merely skimming the discursive problem. If, as Foucault would have it, discourse is always a specific practice, the aforementioned reductionism can also be approached as a political strategy. Therefore, in order to grasp the “political” as a feature of the situation in which the people are participants, rather than in substantial terms, the author discusses the theory of development of the modern political subject within the framework of Michel Foucault’s liberal “government” paradigm and Jacques Rancière’s theory of democracy as a proper political element. Drawing upon these two thinkers, he sketches the genealogy of contemporary liberal democracy, stigmatized by the increasing rift between the people’s political activity and the managerial class’s apolitical reproduction.
EN
The paper presents the political and social narratives of Law and Justice party in the context of the populistically understood concept of people. The paper firstly provides a critical analysis and reconstruction of main elements of the populist concept of the people, that are subsequently recognized in the rhetoric of the Law and Justice representatives and political agenda of this party.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia narracje polityczno-społeczne Prawa i Sprawiedliwości w kontekście występowania w nich populistycznie rozumianej kategorii ludu. W tekście główne elementy populistycznej koncepcji ludu najpierw zostają zrekonstruowane i poddane analizie krytycznej, a następnie rozpoznane w obszarze retoryki i koncepcji partyjnych przedstawicieli Prawa i Sprawiedliwości.
EN
Formally, Slavonic-Bulgarian History (Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya) of Paisius of Hilendar is a manifesto of the era and a source of knowledge for Bulgarians and other Slavic nations. However, the glorification of history and its prominent heroes, presented with the help of emotional rhetoric, indicates the educational and patriotic destiny of the work. Despite some factual inaccuracies, the work has become the second most important book after the Bible for the Bulgarian nation. The author also showed in it interesting facts that arouse discussions in contemporary science. The work cannot be named just a chronicle, because history in it not only enlightens, but is an indispensable foundation for statehood and national identity. The above statement leads to the conclusion that interest in work of Paisius is growing in European society, which underlines the rich past of the Slavs and is a symbol of the struggle of the Bulgarian people for its freedom.
PL
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EN
Capitalism has radically changed people's attitudes. A fundamental transformation in the sphere of human values and attitudes, a new attitude towards nature, is causing a change in man today. Man is constantly living in a world of "places". Taking care of the human soul becomes the most urgent issue. Continuous human development is a synthesis of to have or to be[1]          the article focuses on the need to improve the quality of many places, the relationship between man and the urban environment. This is to be done by way of increasing and improving the utility, cultural, emotional, aesthetic values of places, creating places that are adaptable, safe, known, and recognized as one’s own – all of this in order  to create conditions for human identification with the place, a sense of human responsibility for the environment, to create, in places, a variety of forms of social life, and social activities all of which make it possible to meet people, form opinions, make acquaintances, or carry out tasks. In the places, an important task is to create a "spirit of the place" as a determinant of urban-architectural impressions, by introducing symbols and signs, which are understandable for people living in a given place. The resurgence and rediscovery of values and places – both in the cultural and spatial and social terms – are positive responses to globalisation and unification of space.   [1] E. Fromm, To have or to be?, Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, Poznań 2012.
PL
Kapitalizm radykalnie odmienił postawy ludzi. Fundamentalna przemiana w sferze wartości i postaw człowieka, nowa postawa względem natury powodują dzisiaj zmianę w człowieku. Człowiek ustawicznie przebywa w świecie „miejsc”. Pielęgnacja duszy, troska o duszę stają się najpilniejsze. Nieustanny rozwój człowieka jest syntezą mieć czy być. W artykule skoncentrowano się na potrzebie poprawy jakości wielu miejsc, relacji zachodzących pomiędzy człowiekiem a środowiskiem miejskim przez zwiększenie i poprawę walorów użytkowych, kulturowych, emocjonalnych, estetycznych miejsc, tworzenie miejsc adaptacyjnych, bezpiecznych, znanych i uznawanych za swoje – w celu tworzenia warunków identyfikacji człowieka z miejscem, poczucia odpowiedzialności człowieka za otoczenie, kreacji w miejscach różnorodności form życia społecznego, aktywności społecznych, dzięki którym możliwe są spotkania ludzi, formowanie opinii, zawieranie znajomości, realizowanie zadań. Istotnym zadaniem w miejscach jest tworzenie „ducha miejsc” jako wyznaczników wrażeń urbanistyczno-architektonicznych przez wprowadzenie symboli i znaków, które są zrozumiałe dla zamieszkujących dane miejsce ludzi. Odradzanie się i odkrywanie wartości miejsc – zarówno kulturowych, jak i przestrzennych, społecznych – to pozytywne reakcje na globalizację i unifikację przestrzeni.
PL
Motłoch, rozumiany jako możliwe zagrożenie na praworządności lub też jako grupa, której nie należą się prawa obywatelskie, jest pojęciem obecnym w wielu językach. Jednak każde słowo niesie ze sobą inne znaczenie, które można nazwać nieprzekładalną resztą. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia konceptualnej mnogości motłochu w sposób inspirowany leksykonem nieprzekładalników filozoficznych pod redakcją Barbary Cassin (Vocabulaire européen des philosophies). W treści wyróżnione zostały pewne schematy, które można zaobserwować w różnych językach i które mogą stanowić punkt wyjścia do dalszej analizy filozoficznej. Artykuł ten nie jest ani wyczerpującą prezentacją wielojęzycznej semantyki motłochu, ani filozoficzną analizą wykluczenia społecznego, a raczej próbą ukazania wielości znaczeń i tego, jak mogą one kształtować i inspirować filozoficzną refleksję.
EN
The rabble, considered as a possible threat to the rule of law or as a group unworthy of civil rights, is a concept present in many languages, yet every word conveys a slightly different meaning, The article is an attempt to present the conceptual plurality of the rabble, in a way inspired by Cassin’s Dictionary of Untranslatables. The term which may be considered as a starting point is Polish motłoch, which can be translated both as ‘rabble’ and as ‘mob’. The content is organized according to some semantic patterns that can be observed in various languages and that can be used for further philosophical analysis. The article is neither an exhaustive presentation of the semantic variety related to the term motłoch, nor a philosophical analysis of social exclusion, but rather an attempt to show the plurality of meanings across languages and how it may affect and inspire philosophical inquiry.
17
Content available remote

Dvě složky vládnutí

63%
EN
Abraham Lincoln, in the well known Gettyggsburg Address, said that democracy is the “government of the people, by the people, for the people”. This definition is neither as eloquent as others offered by political philosophy, nor does it enumerate necessary elements of democratic regimes. However, it is one of the best known and most cited definitions of democracy. Do we know what we are saying when we quote Lincoln? According to his definition, those who govern are the ones who are governed. However, not only adults (with legal capacity) are governed, but also children, people in come or people with intellectual disabilities. How do they participate in governing? I offer an answer on the basis of the idea that the government has two components: control and influence. Only adults (with legal capacity) could govern by means of control but everyone can and must govern by means of influence.
CS
Abraham Lincoln v roce 1863 pronesl slavný a dodnes citovaný výrok, jímž charakterizoval demokracii jako „vládu lidu, lidem a pro lid“. Výrok se sice nevyznačuje výmluvností definic demokracie, poskytnutých politickými filozofy, a ani nepodává výčet všech nutných náležitostí, které by snad měl demokratický režim naplňovat. Přesto jde o jednu z nejslavnějších a nejznámějších definic demokratického režimu. Víme ale, co vlastně říkáme, když ho opakujeme? Podle výroku vládne každý ten, kdo je ovládán. Ovládáni jsou ale nejen svéprávní dospělí lidé, nýbrž také děti, lidé v kómatu nebo lidé s mentálním postižením. Jak ti vládnou? Nabízím odpověď, podle níž má vládnutí dvě složky, a to kontrolu a vliv. Kontrolou vládnou jen ti, co jí jsou schopni, tedy svéprávní dospělí. Vlivem ale vládnou a musí vládnout všichni.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poruszać będzie zagadnienia związane z tematyką średniowiecznego miasta. Autorka skupi się na informacjach, jakich dostarczają wykopaliska archeologiczne prowadzone na terenie Polski. Głównym celem rozważań będzie scharakteryzowanie ogólnego wyglądu miasta. Stąd też ważnym elementem prowadzonej refleksji będzie przedstawienie jego rozplanowania oraz zabudowy. Ponadto poruszone zostaną kwestie życia jego mieszkańców z uwzględnieniem pozycji społecznej, jaką zajmowali.
EN
The paper treats issues related to the subject matter of the medieval town. The author focuses on information provided by archeological excavations in Poland. The main objective is to characterize the general appearance of the city. An important element of this discussion is a presentation and layout of buildings of the town. Additionally, the paper reviews the issues of the lives of the residents, including their social position.
Polonia Sacra
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 1
EN
In my studies I focused on the writings of St. Francis. St. Francis turn to us asking for compassion resulted from my analysis of his writings. St. Francis encourages us to share compassion with the others and the whole creation. He directed his message most of all to those of us who share the same feelings for faith. The faith which he was granted from God St. Francis wrote down in his Rule which was subsequently endorsed by the Catholic Church. My paper consists of four parts: The image of man in St. Francis` writings, The meeting of the leper, The sick, the poor, the abandoned, the enemies, His attitude to the whole God`s creatures. His inspiration for love St. Francis drew from his personal experience of God`s love. He believed that human dignity was bestowed by god himself. Man was created by God and modeled on His own image, argued St. Francis therefore man testifies to God`s presence in the world. St. Francis` compassion originated from poor and humble Jesus Christ. St. Francis’ compassion with the poor, sick, suffering, despised, sinners and enemies draws inspiration from the same spiritual source.
PL
Studium fenomenu współczucia u św. Franciszka z Asyżu został przeprowadzony na podstawie pism świętego. Franciszek zwraca się z zachętą do współczucia innym ludziom, jak i całemu stworzeniu. Swoje przesłanie kieruje przede wszystkim do podzielających wraz z ten styl przeżywania wiary, jaki on sam otrzymał od Najwyższego, a Kościół katolicki zatwierdził w Regule. Artykuł został podzielony na cztery części (Wizja człowieka w myśli św. Franciszka, Spotkanie z trędowatymi – odkrycie fenomenu współczucia, Współczucie wobec: ludzi chorych, biednych, braci, pogardzanych, wrogów; Zachowanie Franciszka wobec innych stworzeń). Ze studium pism Franciszka z Asyżu wynika, iż podstawową jego relacji do innych ludzi i pozostałych stworzeń było przede wszystkim doświadczanie miłości Boga we własnym życiu. Doświadczenie to wpływało na zarówno na jego sposób działania, jak i na uznanie godności człowieka jako dzieła Boga. Dla Franciszka cały człowiek (dusza i ciało) jest stworzony na obraz Boży, dlatego ciało ludzkie jest traktowane przez świętego jako środek do obecności Boga pośród ludzi. Ludzka cielesność jest sposobem bycia w świecie, wchodzenia w relacje z całym stworzeniem Najwyższego Boga. Współczucie u Franciszka rodzi się z kontemplacji Jezusa ubogiego i pokornego. Stąd bliskość Franciszka z ludźmi cierpiącymi, wzgardzonymi, braćmi chorymi, grzesznikami i wrogami. Wobec tych wszystkich ludzi Franciszek doświadczał współczucia, będącego wyrazem najwyższej miłości wobec bliźniego.
EN
The system of Kazakh anthroponyms is characterized by both regional and social pecularities. This study is devoted to the anthroponomy of Aktobe city. The proper names have vivid national and cultural semantics as their values are arbitrary from history and culture of people – native speakers. In Kazakh namegiving the loss of magical function occurs, which gives way to social and aesthetic functions. Purpose of the study. Studying the dynamics of the naive worldview in the system of Kazakh anthroponyms on the materials of Aktobe city (Kazakhstan), as well as the conceptual foundations of onomastic representation and its subsequent practical application. Methods of research. The main methods of the work are the method of contrastive-comparative analysis of linguistic units in synchrony and diachrony and the method of statistical data processing. Conclusions. In the Kazakh namegiving a gradual loss of the magical function takes place, which gives way to the social, appellative, epistemic, and aesthetic functions. In modern Kazakh women's names, just as in ancient times, the appellative function of namegiving gives way to an aesthetic function. The arsenal of modern women's names is refilled by sonorous names, borrowed from both the Eastern and Western culture. Despite the activity of the general trend in the Kazakh anthroponymic system for the transition to national forms and variants of naming (execution of surnames and patronymics in accordance with the national traditions), upon registration newborns, the Aktobe residents continue to write their names in the documents more often in Russian, which generally indicates dominance of Russian language in the Kazakh youth environment of Aktobe city.
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