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Pączkowski J.

Studia Elbląskie

2011

vol. 12

309-328

The article entitled “The strange world of quanta” tries to explain, in a very general and selective way, the physics theory known as the quantum mechanics. In opposition to the classical modern theories – the classical mechanics and the mechanism – the quantum mechanics has been characterized as the new revolutionary theory which changed the scientific method and the way the reality was perceived in the XXth century. The title of this article is inspired by the apparent divergence between the everyday world and the world described by the quantum mechanics. The quantum physics is a theory which has been confirmed empirically multiple times and which greatly influenced the technological development in the XXth century. It is also hoped that it will help the humanity in the future. However, as the theory which describes the micro-scale world it stands in opposition to another influential theory of the XXth century – the general theory of relativity – which describes the macro-scale world. The problem is that these two theories can not be both fundamental and true at the same time, as they describe the two aspects of the same world. This incoherence of the laws of the universe is especially disturbing when we take into account the fact that according to the Big Bang theory the universe emerged from the micro-world. Therefore, the science community awaits the emergence of the so-called “theory of everything” which could unify both theories and explain the processes taking place in the micro- and macro-scale equally well.

„Taka otóż chwilka”. Stan duchowy człowieka a jego percepcja rzeczywistości w powieści Bracia Karamazow F. Dostojewskiego

58%

Zabukovec U.

Studia Gdańskie

2011

issue 29

377-402

W powieści Bracia Karamazow można w zależności od stanu duchowego człowieka odróżnić dwie przeciwstawne percepcje rzeczywistości: „percepcję zewnętrzną” oraz „percepcję w ukryciu”. Iwan Karamazow będąc w grzesznym stanie duchowym (pragnie śmierci ojca) za pomocą rzekomo pięknej idei o moralnej sprawiedliwości i zadośćuczynieniu wciąga brata Aloszę w „demoniczną eucharystię” i doprowadza go do buntu przeciwko Bogu. Alosza zapomina o niepojętości Bożej istoty, co powoduje zmianę jego percepcji rzeczywistości. Bohater wciąga Boga w sieć relacji czysto ludzkich, opartych na regule wzajemności i żąda od Niego „dowodów materialnych”. W świecie Dostojewskiego możliwa jest metanoia. Dokonuje się ona niespodziewanie i uwarunkowana jest gotowością otwarcia się człowieka na podarowaną mu łaskę.

In The Karamazov Brothers the protagonist’s perception of reality changes in line with changes in his spiritual state. Two extreme and opposing perceptions of reality are represented by schematic characters Ms Hohlakova and Father Zosima. The former is characterised by her so called „outward perception”, her voice is the „voice of the world”, speaking about the visible reality and seeking validation from witnesses. The Father Zosima’s perception is, in contrast, „perception of the invisible”, his voice is the „voice of life”, coming from the depths of the human soul, and as such does not require witnesses. Thearticle focuses on the spiritual paths of Alyosha and Ivan Karamazov. Ivan, driven by his diabolical desire for the death of his father, tempts his brother with the ostensibly beautiful idea of moral righteousness and retribution, pulls him into „demonic Eucharist” and leads him to the edge of utter despair. In this sinful state Alyosha forgets about the unfathomable nature of God’s essence and this changes his perception of reality. The protagonist weaves God into human relations based on reciprocity and demands material proof from Him. This is the point where „outward perception”, normally neutral in and of itself, becomes the foundation for man’s growing resistance towards God. In Dostoevsky’s world metanoia is possible, it occurs unpredictably. The condition for metanoia is man’s openness and willingness to accept God’s grace.

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1 Studia Elbląskie

1 Studia Gdańskie

1 Pączkowski J.

1 Zabukovec U.

2 2011

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„Taka otóż chwilka”. Stan duchowy człowieka a jego percepcja rzeczywistości w powieści Bracia Karamazow F. Dostojewskiego