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EN
In the paper I argue that medieval philosophers proposed several notions of the senses’ activity in perception. I illustrate the point using the example of two Franciscan thinkers – Peter Olivi (ca. 1248–1298) and Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322). Olivi’s notion of active perception assumes that every perceptual act demands a prior focusing of the mind’s attention. Furthermore, Olivi is partially inspired by the extramissionist theories of vision and reinterprets the notion of a visual ray postulated by them as a useful model for explaining attention and attentional shifts. In Auriol’s view, perception is active because it participates in producing a perceptual content. The senses not only receive information from the environment, they also actively process it and, in Auriol’s words, put the external object into apparent being. The peculiar feature of Auriol’s account is his obvious tendency to conceive perceptual content as both dependent on our perceptual activity and external to the senses. Finally, I consider the two theories in the context of mirror perception – while Olivi focused on the ability of mirrors to switch attention’s direction, Auriol investigated the metaphysical nature of mirror images.
EN
Locke’s philosophy of the perception – among many problems – also delivers an ambiguous comprehension of space. On the one hand the space is a simple idea that we come across through a mediation of more than one sense but on the other hand, the idea of space seems to be a result of mingling of certain “remote relations” which inhere to things, and so it is a complex idea. In my opinion, the question of the space clearly underlines that Locke’s initially founded realism is being enfeebled by his analysis of the process of perception and constructing the ideas. Therefore, Locke’s standpoint is barely a declarative realism, because perceptual content is given and presented in the subjective sphere only and there alone is constructed to the figure of things.
DE
Der Artikel untersucht die Konstruktion des sinnlichen Wissens bei Hegel: den empirischen Inhalt des Gegenstandes und seinen allgemeinen Charakter. Der Verfasser meint, dass Hegels Standpunkt bis zu einem gewissen Punkt mit der Grundthese des epistemologischen Realismus auf dem Niveau des sinnlichen Bewusstseins übereinstimmen muss. Hegels Philosophie der Erfahrung verweist gleichzeitig auf den begrifflichen Charakter der Perzeptionsinhalte. Es ist möglich dank dem allmählichen Prozess der Erkenntnis von nichtempirischen Bestandteilen des Bewusstseins und dank dem Modell, in dem die Realität der Erfahrungswelt nur im Rahmen einer idealen Wirklichkeit des Denkens des Geistes funktioniert. Eine solche Auffassung des Standpunktes von Hegel verlangt jedoch eine Unterscheidung zwischen der unrichtigen Realität (des ersten Grades) und der richtigen Realität (des zweiten Grades) im Erfahrungsprozess. Die hier vorgeschlagene Lesart scheint gut zum Hegelschen Entwurf der Synthese von einzelnen Wissensarten und -stufen, darin auch dem sinnlichen Wissen, zu passen.
EN
The author reviews the Hegelian construction of sense knowledge: the empirical content of the object and its general character. He argues that Hegel’s standpoint has to be to some extent compatible with the basic thesis of epistemological realism on the sense consciousness level. Yet at the same time Hegel’s concept of experience denotes a conceptual character of perceptual contents. This is possible thanks to a gradual process of recognizing the non-empirical elements of consciousness, as well as to the pattern in which the reality of the experience is feasible only within the ideal reality of Geist thinking. However, in the process of experience such an understanding of the Hegelian standpoint requires distinguishing improper reality (I line) from proper reality (II line). The interpretation proposed in this article appears to be well tuned with Hegel’s conception of a synthesis combining respective types and levels of knowledge, including sense knowledge.
PL
Artykuł analizuje Heglowską konstrukcję wiedzy zmysłowej: empiryczną treść przedmiotu oraz jego ogólny charakter. Zdaniem autora, Heglowskie stanowisko musi być do pewnego momentu zgodne z podstawową tezą realizmu epistemologicznego na poziomie świadomości zmysłowej. Heglowska filozofia doświadczenia wskazuje jednocześnie na pojęciowy charakter treści percepcyjnych. Możliwe jest to dzięki stopniowemu procesowi rozpoznawania nieempirycznych elementów świadomości oraz modelowi, w którym realność świata doświadczenia funkcjonuje tylko w ramach idealnej rzeczywistości myślenia Ducha. Takie rozumienie stanowiska Hegla wymaga jednak wyróżnienia tego, co jest realnością niewłaściwą (I rzędu) i właściwą (II rzędu) w procesie doświadczenia. Zaproponowana tutaj interpretacja wydaje się dobrze pasować do Heglowskiej koncepcji syntezy poszczególnych rodzajów i poziomów wiedzy, w tym również wiedzy zmysłowej.
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