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„A Journey against the Will” is a narrative of a cruel experience which eight-year-old Halina Witkowska had to go through when she was deported to a Siberian forced labor camp together with her mother and brother. She was in the USSR from 1939 to 1942, from where she then got to Teheran travelling along General Wladyslaw Anders’ Trail, and later – through India to Mexico. She returned to Poland in 1946. Now Mrs Witkowska lives in Siedlce.
PL
In 1966, after the period of Great Novena, the celebrations of the Millennium of Poland’s Baptism, organized by the Catholic Church, took place in Poland. One of the more important elements of the celebrations was the peregrination of a consecrated copy of Our Lady of Częstochowa’s icon. Communist authorities made various attempts to reduce the scope of church festivities by organizing a rival secular celebration for the Millennium of the Polish State. However, the peregrination of the image quickly became a “dangerous” element from the point of view of the authorities of the time, triggering religious enthusiasm and ardour in the society, resulting in mass gatherings of parishioners in front of churches, and unifying the faithful around the Church. Hence the state leadership’s decision to ban the peregrination. The authority that was supposed to enforce that decision was the Security Service, who were given the task of capturing the image by force several times. The arrest and capture of the icon in the Warmia diocese near Liksajny on 20 June 1966 was one of the most controversial, as it took place in the presence of Primate Stefan Wyszyński. Materials generated by the Security Service prove how extensive the measures used for the task’s execution were, and thus how significant the fight against the Church and its influence on society was for the authorities. At the same time, the society’s response to the actions of security agents described therein clearly show that that policy resulted in the opposite of the intended effect from the point of view of the state leadership.
EN
The article presents a lexicographical history of two word families: pąć and peregrynacja. It has been demonstrated how these families evolved quantitatively at various periods of the development of the Polish language, how the semantics of lexemes functioning in these aggregates changed. The analysed material has been excerpted from historical and modern general language dictionaries and etymological dictionaries of Polish as well as from expert publications in the field of religious studies.
EN
Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej [Peregrination to the Holy Land] by Mikołaj Krzysztof ‘The Orphan’ Radziwiłł was first published in 1601 and within next two hundred years there were fourteen other re-releases of the publication in different languages. The account of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem not only proves Radziwiłł’s comprehensive education and being well read but also presents him as a skilled sixteenth-century documentalist who knows precisely how to attract reader’s attention. The fact that the readers have left a number of underlines, notes, and comments in the preserved copies proves Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej to have been a great literary success of those times. This article aims at determining readers’ response to Radziwiłł’s work on the grounds of the results of the provenance research conducted on twenty copies of Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej deposited in the Early Printed Books Department of University of Warsaw Library.
PL
Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej autorstwa Mikołaja „Sierotki” Radziwiłła została po raz pierwszy opublikowana w 1601 r., a na przestrzeni kolejnych 200 lat ukazało się 14 jej wznowień w różnych językach. Relacja z pielgrzymki do Jerozolimy jest nie tylko dowodem wszechstronnego wykształcenia i oczytania Radziwiłła, ale też prezentuje autora jako zdolnego szesnastowiecznego dokumentalistę, który doskonale wie, w jaki sposób przyciągnąć uwagę odbiorcy. Peregrynacja zyskała ogromną popularność, czego dowodzą liczne ślady lektury (noty rękopiśmienne, podkreślenia) pozostawione przez czytelników w zachowanych egzemplarzach. Celem artykułu jest określenie recepcji czytelniczej wspomnianego dzieła na podstawie wyników badań proweniencyjnych przeprowadzonych na 20 egzemplarzach Peregrynacji przechowywanych w Gabinecie Starych Druków Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Warszawie.
EN
The article presents the 15th and 16th century accounts on the journeys of Poles to the Holy Land, including Chorografia abo topografia, to jest osobliwe a okólne opisanie Ziemie Świętej by Anzelm Polak (15/16th century), Terminatio ex itinerario Magnifici Domini Ioannis Comitis in Tarnów… by Jan Tarnowski (1488–1566), Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej by Jan Gorynski (16th century) and Podróż do Ziemi Świętej, Syrii i Egiptu by Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (“Sierotka”) (1549–1616). The article mentions as well a little known work Peregrinatio ad Terram Sanctam by Johannes Poloner (15th century). Till now, the articles have been discussed separately, in literary or religious contexts. However, due to an increasing interest in the geopoetics, it is beneficial to look at all accounts on journeys to the Holy Land collectively and through them get to know about the lands along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, connecting Syria and Egypt. The aim of this article is to present the arguments confirming the legitimacy of the use of geopoetics in the analysis of old texts. Moreover, the article points out to the issues discussed further in the thesis, e.g. the development of “description” in Polish literary tradition being one of two basic narrative elements
EN
The article discusses the motivation of Jan Goryński to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. A 16th century description (preserved until now in a 17th century manuscript) forms a memory of that journey). According to the researchers, in comparison to the other descriptions of that time (by Anzelm Polak, Jan Tarnowski and Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł “Sierotka” [“Orphan”]), it has an outstandingly memoirs-like nature, according to researchers. In the bibliography concerning the issue of Goryński, there are yet no explanations of the reasons for his decision to go on that journey which was so difficult at those times. Considering the reality of the period when the Pole went on pilgrimage, his motivation might have been: deep faith and will to follow Christ’s steps, intention of penance, thanksgiving or intercession, or increase in his social rank status by being granted the title of the Knight of the Holy Sepulchre. In the text of peregrination, the pilgrim did not directly indicate the reason why he had decided to travel. Until this day, no correspondence which could explain the reasons for realisation of his pilgrimage has been retained. The discourse first presents biographical facts concerning Goryński, his closest relatives and environment which shaped him. An analysis of this Polish pilgrim’s biography as well as the 16th century description of peregrination may assist in determination of reasons for which he went on this pilgrimage.
PL
Zainteresowanie badawcze rodziną Łaskich herbu Korab przyniosło szereg interesujących prac oraz wielokrotnie więcej postulatów i pytań badawczych. Powstałe na przełomie XIX i XX w. opracowania wymagają dziś aktualizacji i uzupełnienia. Dotyczy to tak kwestii faktograficznych, jak i interpretacyj­nych. W artykule autor podejmuje próbę realizacji tych postulatów w odniesieniu do czasu edukacji i peregrynacji trzech przedstawicieli rodziny z Łaska: Hieronima, Jana i Stanisława, synów Jarosława i Zuzanny z Bąkowej Góry, bratanków zaś kanclerza i prymasa Jana Łaskiego. Obok rekonstrukcji wydarzeń dokonano ponownej interpretacji zachowanego materiału źródłowego i zestawiono otrzymane wyniki z dotychczasowym stanem badań. Efektem tego zabiegu jest wskazanie powtarzanych przed dekady nieścisłości lub niemających ugruntowania źródłowego twierdzeń, które utrwaliły się w dotychczasowej historiografii.
EN
Research interest in the Łaski family of Korab coat of arms resulted in an array of interesting works and several times more postulates and research queries. Studies from the turn of the 19th and 20th century need to be updated and completed. This concerns both the factual issues and interpretational ones. In his article the author undertakes to accomplish these postulates in relation to the period of education and peregrinations of three representatives of the family from Łask: Hieronim, Jan and Stanisław, sons of Jarosław and Zuzanna of Bąkowa Góra and nephews of chancellor and primate Jan Łaski. Apart from reconstructing some events, the author reinterpreted the preserved source material and juxtaposed the results with the previous state of research. This resulted in identifying some inaccuracies reproduced for decades or statements unconfirmed by any sources which are deep rooted in the historiography.
EN
Research interest in the Łaski family of Korab coat of arms resulted in an array of interesting works and several times more postulates and research queries. Studies from the turn of the 19th and 20th century need to be updated and completed. This concerns both the factual issues and interpretational ones. In his article the author undertakes to accomplish these postulates in relation to the period of education and peregrinations of three representatives of the family from Łask: Hieronim, Jan and Stanisław, sons of Jarosław and Zuzanna of Bąkowa Góra and nephews of chancellor and primate Jan Łaski. Apart from reconstructing some events, the author reinterpreted the preserved source material and juxtaposed the results with the previous state of research. This resulted in identifying some inaccuracies reproduced for decades or statements unconfirmed by any sources which are deep rooted in the historiography.
PL
Zainteresowanie badawcze rodziną Łaskich herbu Korab przyniosło szereg interesujących prac oraz wielokrotnie więcej postulatów i pytań badawczych. Powstałe na przełomie XIX i XX w. opracowania wymagają dziś aktualizacji i uzupełnienia. Dotyczy to tak kwestii faktograficznych, jak i interpretacyj­nych. W artykule autor podejmuje próbę realizacji tych postulatów w odniesieniu do czasu edukacji i peregrynacji trzech przedstawicieli rodziny z Łaska: Hieronima, Jana i Stanisława, synów Jarosława i Zuzanny z Bąkowej Góry, bratanków zaś kanclerza i prymasa Jana Łaskiego. Obok rekonstrukcji wydarzeń dokonano ponownej interpretacji zachowanego materiału źródłowego i zestawiono otrzymane wyniki z dotychczasowym stanem badań. Efektem tego zabiegu jest wskazanie powtarzanych przed dekady nieścisłości lub niemających ugruntowania źródłowego twierdzeń, które utrwaliły się dotychczasowej historiografii.
EN
The Journey Motif in the Polish and Hugarian Fairy Tales This article presents the comparative analysis of the journey motif in two Polish fairy tales and in the Hungarian one. Polish fairy tales are Siostra siedmiu kruków (The Sister of the Seven Ravens) by Janina Porazińska and Żelazne trzewiczki (The Iron Bootees) by Hanna Januszewska; the Hungarian one is Żelazny Laczy (Iron Laczy), which has no known author as it is the classic folk tale. The journey or peregrination motif is one of the most popular fairy tales motifs around the whole world. The journey in fairy tales and folk tales always has the symbolic meaning as well as the literal one and is the expression of the protagonist’s inner development. The purpose of the article is to show the symbolic meaning of the peregrinations and journeys in the fairy tales including the notion of the rite of passage (rites de passage) and elements od psychoanalisis.
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