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EN
Thie article presents two works writen for young people, that is drawing out the subject of girls adolescence. The former is the picture book by Iwona Chmielewska Królestwo dziewczynki. Authoress tries to show within it how to cope with changes and emotions due to the passage from children’s world to kingdom of femininity. The latter is Pierwsze koty robaczywki by Karina Bonowicz, that shows in light and humorous way pitfalls of adolescent teenager. It appeared that only confrontation with carnality and pubescence can lead young girls to finding their own identity.Thie article presents two works writen for young people, that is drawing out the subject of girls adolescence. The former is the picture book by Iwona Chmielewska Królestwo dziewczynki. Authoress tries to show within it how to cope with changes and emotions due to the passage from children’s world to kingdom of femininity. The latter is Pierwsze koty robaczywki by Karina Bonowicz, that shows in light and humorous way pitfalls of adolescent teenager. It appeared that only confrontation with carnality and pubescence can lead young girls to finding their own identity.
EN
The article presents the author’s concept of differentiated approach to the study of periodization and socio-pedagogical principles of rural schools of Ukraine in the second half of the twentieth century. Rural school is seen as a socio-pedagogical phenomenon. Decisive for the development of rural schools are the demands of society to prepare pupils for life and work in different social spheres. The essence of the change objectives, content and methodological support, the school network and professional training of teachers varied in accordance with the educational paradigms. This idea is crucial to clarify the nature of external (in the Soviet era) and intra-school (in independent Ukraine) differentiation, allowing clarifying the characteristics of social and pedagogical principles for rural schools in the indicated chronological limits. In the years of the Soviet era external differentiation was based on political and economic policies towards the village and was regulated with party documents. The limits of external differentiation defined in the education acts that duplicate party instructions. The period of development of rural schools in terms of market relations in the independent Ukraine is dominant intra-school differentiation of goals, objectives, content of teaching of rural students based on personal meaning for education. Historical and pedagogical studies of definite problem based on an understanding of the priority of education paradigm that was decisive in the set of original and the upper limit of the era (Soviet schools) and schools in the independent Ukraine. Within an era we identified segments of time in historical and pedagogical development of rural school that has a beginning and completeness and is characterized by certain features of social needs on preparing young people for work and life (periods). In each period we singled out stages, characterized by chronological boundaries and essential features of the development of objectives of schooling of rural students, content, forms, methods of training and education, types of secondary schools, teacher requirements in a changing educational paradigms. Periodization of socio-pedagogical principles of rural schools performed on two groups of criteria: social and pedagogical. The concept of social criteria embedded understanding of the impact of society queries on preparing students for life and work. To this group of criteria we refer compliance of objectives and contents of secondary education with needs of socio-economic development of the society; social ideas for the development of rural schools; mechanisms of state regulation of development of rural schools; dependence types of rural schools, their structures and networks of economic, demographic, environmental factors; ties of secondary school to the cultural, social environment and economic entities in the village. To pedagogical criteria we refer: goal of education is determined by social need of preparation of youth for work; nature of the content and technological support of the educational process; network dynamics; the content and form of vocational training of the teachers; advanced teaching experience (innovative pedagogy); pedagogical theories and scientific support of rural schools in different periods.
EN
This paper examines the emergence and development of future fiscal officers’ foreign language training; the pedagogical aspects of using foreign language in the process of such employees’ foreign language competence formation, which is a necessary component of their complete professional training, are characterized. It is determined that its formation has being occurred within six historical periods, due to the interaction of economic, political and cultural factors. Historicalandpedagogicalanalysisof special literature has revealed the peculiarities ofthe fiscal officers’ foreign language training establishment evolution. It is singledoutsixstagesofitsdevelopmentduetotheinteractionofpolitical, economicandculturalfactors. Themajorturningeventsthattookplaceduringtheseperiodsinclude: establishmentofthefirstcollegesincolonialtimeswithlayingthefoundationsof language training, whichwasstudiedasanimportant part along with theeconomicandlegal subjects (1636–1776); the developmentofprofessionaleducation with furtherimprovement of language training aftertheacquisitionofideasofThomasJefferson about the generalpubliceducation introduction, theadoptionoftheBillofHumanRights (1776–1862); the opening of land-grantuniversities after MorrilLaw initiative; the beginningofprofessionaltaxorganizations activities asinitiatorsanddistributorsof tax education ideas (1862–1913); the fiscal officer professionoccurrence; the separationbetweenthetwodirectionsofitsactivities – economic, legaland, as a result, thedesignofthreeaccreditedtaxprofessionals – enrolled agent, independentcertifiedaccountantandattorney (1913–1950); the useofcomputertechnologyinthefieldoftaxation; the development of fiscal education standards; the appearance of master programs in tax professional training (1950–1990); the beginningofintegrationprocessesintheglobaleconomy, causingrapidspreadofhightechnologyandinformationdissemination, theemergenceofnewcompetenciesinthestructureofthequalificationrequirementsandchangesineducationalstandardsinthefieldoftaxation (from1990’s till nowadays). Taking into consideration the results of the study of this problem, it is appropriate to examine the model of formation of foreign language professional competence in higher education at the present stage.
EN
The paper demonstrates a dependency between the annual average daily air temperature course (cycle) in Warsaw and the profile of annual solar activity linked to rotation (with a period of 25-31 days). Waves of cold (ΔT <0) or heat (ΔT≥ 0) were defined as ΔT deviations of daily average temperature (T) using a regression sinusoid f (t) with a period of 365 days. Cold waves were found to generally occur at times of low daily average solar activity (relative to 60-year average), while hot waves tended to coincide with high Wolf numbers. The cycles of the variables were derived using the sinusoid regression method (Boryczka 1998). The maximum sinusoid regression of the annual air-temperature cycle T is delayed by nearly one month vis-à-vis the maximum declination of the Sun. The maximum of the regression sinusoid of daily average Wolf numbers (W) was delayed from the maximum declination by more than two months.
EN
Heat and cold waves in Warsaw (the Okęcie district) have been determined determined basing on daily average air temperature values in Warsaw (the Okęcie district), measured for 60 years between 1951 and 2010. Air temperature cycles, i.e. periods, amplitudes and phases have been determined by means of a sinusoidal regression method. Especially worth noting are 15 to 18-day long cycles of air temperature in given months (e.g. 16-day long cycles during 6 months: March, April, May, August, September, and October). Heat and cold waves result from interferences of cycles whose duration ranges from several to teen days of daily temperature values, and long-term cycles of average annual temperature.
EN
The air temperatures recorded at Warsaw-Okęcie in 1951-2010 were compared with forecasts for the period 1980-2010 and 1991-2010, i.e. 31 and 20 years ahead. Accurate predictions of air temperatures in Warsaw in 1980-2010 were calculated using the cycles identified by applying the sinusoidal regression method to a series of monitoring results obtained in Warsaw between 1779 and 1979. The high accuracy of these forecasts is the result of a similar progression of measured and forecast values over a number of years. The prediction of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere for example, caused by interference of long solar radiation cycles as well as variations in the concentrations of the δ18O oxygen isotope in the Arctic ice cores, requires a larger series of data points.
PL
Dorobek polskiego ruchu spółdzielczego lat międzywojennych można rozpatrywać w zakresie ideowym, organizacyjnym, gospodarczym, społecznym i oświatowo-wychowawczym. Ruch spółdzielczy, będąc ruchem społecznym, prowadził systematyczną działalność oświatowo-wychowawczą i propagandową zarówno w społeczności dorosłych, jak i wśród dzieci i młodzieży szkolnej oraz pozaszkolnej. Piętnując egoizm i pogoń za zyskiem, spółdzielczość uczyła społecznych form pracy, wzajemnej pomocy, współdziałania, solidarności i stwarzała warunki życia dla najuboższych warstw. Spółdzielczość wspierała rodzinę oraz edukację dzieci, młodzieży i dorosłych. Propagowała rozwój spółdzielczości uczniowskiej oraz kształcenie i wychowanie spółdzielcze poprzez uwzględnienie spółdzielczości w programach nauczania wszystkich typów szkół. Z inicjatywy polskiego ruchu spółdzielczego powstało szkolnictwo spółdzielcze. W środowisku wiejskim spółdzielczość podnosiła poziom wiedzy i umiejętności rolników oraz sprzyjała ich aktywizacji. Prowadziła systematyczną działalność wychowawczą i propagandową, mającą na celu szerzenie idei spółdzielczych oraz teoretycznej i praktycznej wiedzy, potrzebnej do zakładania i funkcjonowania instytucji spółdzielczych. Polski ruch spółdzielczy próbował objąć systematycznym przysposobieniem spółdzielczym młodzież pozaszkolną. Jego celem było uświadomienie i wychowanie młodzieży pozaszkolnej w duchu idei spółdzielczej, nawiązanie kontaktu i współpracy ze spółdzielniami oraz kształtowania charakterów młodzieży wiejskiej. W wychowaniu spółdzielczym młodzieży pozaszkolnej ważne zadanie pełniły organizacje młodzieżowe, które poprzez propagowanie pomocy społecznej, samokształcenia i przysposobienia spółdzielczego przygotowywały młode pokolenie do udziału w spółdzielczości dorosłych. Ponadto, wśród młodzieży wiejskiej przysposobienie spółdzielcze odbywało się w ramach przysposobienia rolniczego. Stanowiło ono powszechną pozaszkolną drogę popularyzowania wśród młodzieży wiejskiej właściwych umiejętności pracy w gospodarstwie rolnym oraz takiego wychowania, które pobudzało młode pokolenie do aktywności gospodarczej i obywatelskiej, zmierzającej do poprawy jakości życia na wsi i jej przebudowy społeczno-gospodarczej.
EN
The output of the XXth century Polish cooperative movement can be considered in ideological, organisational, economic, social and educational terms. The cooperative movement had a significant effect on the educational and propagating activities for both adults and school children. The cooperative movement criticized egoism and the pursuit of profit, taught cooperative forms of work, mutual help, and solidarity as well as providing the basic necessities for the poor. It supported the family and the education of children, young people and adults. It propagated the development of student organizations, the cooperative education and upbringing through taking cooperation into consideration in curricula. Cooperative education was created at the Polish cooperative movement’s initiative. It raised the level of the farmer’s knowledge and skills. It was also conducive to their activation. It's educational and upbringing activities disseminated the idea of the cooperative. They also spread the theoretical and practical knowledge which was necessary to found and run cooperative institutions. The preparation for cooperativisaton was organised among young people and adults in both urban and rural areas. It was aimed at raising awareness and educating the youth not included in the school teaching in accordance with the idea of cooperation, establishing contact and cooperation with cooperatives as well as shaping the characters of the rural youth. Youth organisations played an important role in the teaching of cooperation for young people not included in the school teaching. They propagated social assistance, self-education, preparation for cooperation and prepared the young generation for participating in the cooperative movement of adults. Moreover, the preparation for cooperation among the rural youth was included in the agricultural education which was a common method of spreading amongst young people the necessary skills for agriculture. It also popularised that education which stimulated the younger generation to take part in economic and civil activities aimed towards the improvement of the quality of life and the socio-economic reconstruction of rural areas.
XX
The following study covers flint artefacts unearthed during the six seasons of archaeological excavations conducted by the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka, at the multi-cultural site no. 8 in Zakrzów, Niepołomice municipality, county of Wieliczka. It is intended as the first stage of a wider analysis including the reminder of artefacts, characteristics of archaeological features, and structure of settlements in the microregion. The site was first discovered during surface work within the AZP 103- 58 rectangular area, conducted during 1983 by Antoni Jodłowski, Kazimierz Reguła and Adam Szybowicz2. The site is located at Wieliczka foothills [Pogórze Wielickie], on the south-eastern slopes of the Tropie Góry hills, rolling towards the Bogusława river – also known as the Zakrzówek stream. In the recent years, the area has been under continuous development due to robust expansion of residential areas as well as businesses opening along the national road no. 964. The undeveloped plot no. 495/2, neighbouring the road from the south, was selected for the archaeological work. Its longer axis points approximately towards the S-E direction. The excavations covered an area reaching 60 m in length and 15 m in width. In total, the area of 8 ares was explored, which resulted in the identification of over 100 features, mostly from the Neolithic period. Found underneath the humus layer were deposits with inclusions of historical materials, filling a ground depression between two local humps invisible from the surface. The bottom of the excavated ditch featured formations whose genesis is likely the result of aqueous environment. This allows us to suppose that there was at least a periodically active spring in this region. Further evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from the layout of identified archaeological features, whose placement avoids the likely area of the watercourse. The depression was probably filled gradually, as suggested by the depth-varying numbers and provenance of unearthed artefacts. The substrate consists of hard sandy clay formations, with multiple ferrous inclusions. A large percentage of the unearthed ceramics consists of so-called ‘sandy’ ceramics, which may suggest the spring being used as the source of brine, or perhaps simply of water used in the production of such vessels. This topic will be elaborated upon in the further stages of the study. The site is multi-cultural in its character. Only few among the archaeological finds can be attributed to the final stages of the Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic periods. The core of the finds consists of Neolithic artefacts, present both in the identified deposit strata and within the archaeological features. A small group of artefacts and features is attributable to the Linear Pottery Culture of the Zofipole stage (2nd half of the 6th millennium BCE), with much more numerous finds from the late stages of the Pleszów-Modlnica group (2nd half of the 5th millennium BCE) and the Wyciąże-Złotniki group (1st half of the 4th millennium BCE) of the Lengyel-Polgár circle. Also identified were various numbers of artefacts from the Lusatian Culture, Tyniec group, Przeworsk Culture, and materials dating from the Medieval period up until the modern times, including a rifleman’s strongpoint from 1914. Due to the particulars of the site stratigraphy, the majority of artefacts comes from a secondary fill, which robs them of some cultural and chronological contexts. Consequently, the main part of the analysis of flint material will be focusing on artefacts from anthropogenic features in which culturally homogeneous ceramics were found. The finds were associated with three horizons: Linear Pottery Culture, and Pleszów-Modlnica group and Wyciąże-Złotniki group of the Lengyel-Polgár circle (Table no. I).
Rozprawy Społeczne
|
2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
62-68
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie roli, jaką odgrywa instytucja rodziny w życiu skazanych na karę pozbawienia wolności. Uwaga zostanie skoncentrowana na wpływie środowiska rodzinnego na zachowanie i postępowanie skazanego w okresie „przedwięziennym”, „więziennym” i „powięziennym”. W opracowaniu została podjęta próba wyłonienia fundamentalnej wartości w życiu więźniów, jaką jest instytucja rodziny. Niniejszy artykuł został opracowany przy pomocy metody: analityczno-syntetycznej. W opracowaniu przyjęta została perspektywa psychospołeczna, która odnosi się do rozważania kategorii aksjologicznej omawianej grupy społecznej, a także z punktu widzenia badacza. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że rodzina odgrywa zasadniczą rolę w życiu skazanych, aczkolwiek zdarzają się sytuacje, że bywa inaczej. Utrzymywanie więzi rodzinnych daje skazanym poczucie, że mają do kogo wracać po odbyciu kary pozbawienia wolności.
EN
The objective of this article is to present the role played by the institution of a family in the lives of persons sentenced to terms of imprisonment. The focus will be placed on the impact of family environment on the behaviour and actions of the convict in the “pre-prison”, “prison” and “post-prison” periods. An attempt was made to identify the fundamental value of the institution of a family in prisoners’ lives. The following article takes advantage of the analytical-synthetic method. The psycho-social perspective has been accepted within the discussion which refers to considering the axiological category of this particular social group as well as the researcher’s perspective. The conducted analysis revealed that family plays a crucial role in the convicts’ lives; however, there are certain situations which prove otherwise. Maintaining family ties gives convicts a sense that there is someone to whom they may return after they have served their sentence.
PL
W pierwszej połowie XIX wieku medycyna nie dysponowała środkami, które dziś uchodzą za podstawowe i powszechne. Szczepienia ochronne (przeciw ospie) były spektakularną nowością. Nie znano antybiotyków ani prawideł aseptyki, w dyscyplinach klinicznych dominowały marazm i rutyna. Wyzwaniem stawała się rosnąca liczba ludności i stałe zagrożenie epidemiczne. Obiecującą dynamikę wykazywały za to działania profi laktyczne, głównie o charakterze porządkowym. Skutecznie mogły je podejmować wyłaniające się w Europie nowoczesne struktury państwowe, ze zorganizowaną służbą medyczną na czele. W Prusach ciągle doskonalono formy administracji, osiągając wyniki bliskie perfekcji. W dziedzinie zdrowia kierowano się zasadami tzw. policji lekarskiej. Jej efektywność potęgowały kształtujące się pod wpływem Oświecenia sposoby sprawnego komunikowania. Ułatwiały zarządzanie i odegrały ogromną rolę także na polu zdrowotnym. Wyjątkowe znaczenie komunikatu sanitarnego zarysowano tutaj na przykładzie Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego.
EN
In the fi rst half of XIX century medicine did not have enough methods and possibilities to cure dangerous diseases. Vaccinotherapy was scarcely used, antibiotics were unknown, antisepsis and asepsis occurred not before the sixties. At the same time Europe experienced a great growth of population. Th ere were also many factors of epidemical risk. In those circumstances, education in prophylaxis was very important on the base at law and order. In order to solve many social problems there appeared an idea of building modern States with better competence and more possibilities. With the help of solid structures, like health service new arrangements could better cope with epidemic risks. In Prussian Kingdom the strategy in health protection was related to so-called medical police. Th e Enlightenment period was friendly to modern ways of communication which were essential basis of effi cient administration. Th e sanitary report played an important role among them and existed in the centre of health care system. Its special position and agenda have been described here on the example of the Grand Duchy of Poznań, part of the Polish territory, which belonged to the Prussian Kingdom, on the ground of the decision of the Vienna Congress 1815.
PL
W Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym funkcjonowała służba konserwatorska w ramach administracji państwowej. Sprawowała ona nadzór nad zabytkami i ich konserwacją, prowadziła rejestr, dokumentację i inwentaryzację zabytków, udzielała fachowych opinii, uzgadniała projekty i programy robót, wydawała decyzje. Okręgowymi konserwatorami zabytków byli z reguły architekci i historycy sztuki. Posiadali oni niezbędną wiedzę merytoryczną, często także wykazywali się wielkim zaangażowaniem i pasją. Podstawową metodą i narzędziem konserwatorów były oględziny i opis zabytków, analiza wartości i ocena stanu zachowania oraz koniecznych prac. Niejednokrotnie, wobec braku publikacji i opracowań naukowych, notatki i zdjęcia sporządzane przez konserwatorów były pierwszą formą rozpoznania i dokumentacji tych obiektów. Materiały te miały służyć pomocą konserwatorom, a także naukowcom. Przy ważniejszych zadaniach konserwatorskich zwoływano komisje. Urząd konserwatora interweniował w koniecznych przypadkach. Niekiedy wskazywał konkretne rozwiązania. Efekty działań konserwatorów z okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego znacząco przyczyniły się do ochrony i uratowania wielu cennych obiektów zabytkowych. Na więcej nie pozwalał niski budżet urzędu oraz niskie dotacje, jakimi dysponowano. Utrudnieniem był także zbyt mały personel (zwykle 2-3 osoby na okręg – województwo). Zadania oraz metody działania okręgowych konserwatorów były niemal takie same, jak obecnie. To wówczas wypracowano podstawowe narzędzia i system pracy przy zabytkach – aktualne i niezawodne także dziś.
EN
In Poland in the interwar period there was a monument protection service within the state administration. It supervised the monuments and their conservation, kept a register, documentation and inventory of monuments, gave expert opinions, agreed on projects and work programmes and issued decisions. District monument protection officers were usually architects and art historians. They had the necessary knowledge and often showed great commitment and passion. The basic methods and tools of monument protection officers included visual inspections and description of monuments, analysis of their value and evaluation of the state of preservation and necessary works. Often, in the absence of publications and scientific studies, notes and photographs taken by monument protection officers were the first form of recognition and documentation of these objects. These materials were to help preservation officers, but also scientists. For more im¬portant conservation tasks, special committees were convened. The Monument Protection Office intervened where necessary. Sometimes it indicated specific solutions. The effects of monument protection officers’ activities in the interwar period significantly contributed to the protection and saving of many valuable historic buildings. The low budget of the Office and the low subsidies at its disposal did not allow for more. Insufficient staff (usually 2-3 people per district – voivodeship) was also a problem. The tasks and methods of work of district monument protection officers were similar to those applied nowadays. It was then that the basic tools and a system of work on monuments were developed – up-to-date and reliable even today.
EN
Diverse factors influence the processes of shaping, preservation, and development of ethnic identity. Some of these factors have been underestimated by scholars, for instance, the role of common (collective) notions of the past and patterns of metahistory on the whole, which either directly or indirectly influence national consciousness and, consequently, ethnic identity as such. This paper presents a retrospective case study of the potential impact of metahistory patterns on ethnic identity of the Latvians who after the World War I and proclamation of the independent Republic of Latvia remained in the Soviet Union, thus forming the stable and rather numerous Latvian diaspora there. The paper is actually a theoretical research, since there is no possibility to conduct a field study anymore in order to answer the principal question: what factors did support the ethnic identity in the Latvian diaspora in the 1920sñ1930s. However, the absence of the empirical data might be to a certain extent compensated by logical reasoning and extrapolation of the data related to the further periods of implementation of the Soviet ethnic policy. The hypothesis put forward by the author of this paper is as follows: during the interwar period for the representatives of the Latvian diaspora in the Soviet Union, metahistory had become one of the principle influential factors that performed dual function. On the one hand, metahistory patterns were intentionally aimed at weakening, deterioration, and even elimination of the ethnic identity in order to replace it with the so-called ìproletarian classconsciousnessî. Meanwhile, the same metahistory patterns paradoxically supported not only the ethnic identity of the Latvians, but also their national (civic) consciousness. The findings of the research allow concluding that the reasons of the actual failure of the Soviet model of metahistory in the applied field were as follows: 1) the metahistory pattern was not developed to the full; 2) the essence of the pattern revealed its genetic relationship not with history, but with Marxist sociology, therefore, this pattern could not perform the functions that are immanent just for historical discourse; 3) some historic events that formed the core of the metahistory pattern had inevitably raised strong patriotic sentiments in Latvians, thus forming a specific support factor for their ethnic identity. The paper has been prepared within the Project (VPPIZM2018/1-0018) ìInteraction between the Individual, the Society and the State in Process of the History of Latvia: Conflicting Values and Formation of Shared Values during Historical Turning Pointsî under the National Research Programme ìLatvian Heritage and Future Challenges for the Countryís Sustainabilityî.
LV
Dažādi faktori ietekmē etniskās identitātes veidošanās, saglabāšanas un attīstības procesus. Dažiem no šiem faktoriem netiek veltīta pietiekama zinātnieku uzmanība, piemēram, nacionālo apziņu un, attiecīgi, arī etnisko identitāti kā tādu tieši un netieši ietekmējušiem kopīgiem (kolektīviem) priekšstatiem par pagātni un metavēstures modeļiem kopumā. Šis raksts piedāvā retrospektīvu situatīvo pētījumu, lai noskaidrotu metavēstures modeļu potenciālu ietekmi uz latviešu, kuri pēc Pirmā pasaules kara un neatkarīgās Latvijas Republikas dibināšanas palika Padomju Savienībā un izveidoja tur diezgan stabilu un skaitliski lielu diasporu, etnisko identitāti. Būtībā šis raksts tuvojas teorētiskajam pētījumam, jo vairs nav iespējams veikt lauku pētījumus, lai sniegtu atbildi uz principiāli svarīgu jautājumu, kādi faktori īstenībā‚ atbalstīja etnisko identitāti latviešu diasporā‚ 1920.-1930. gados. Tajā‚ pašā laikā‚ empīrisku datu zināmu nepietiekamību daļēji kompensē loģiski secinājumi, analizējot pieejamo materiālu, kā arī datu, kas attiecas uz turpmākajiem posmiem padomju etniskās politikas īstenošanā, ekstrapolācija uz pētāmo posmu. Raksta autora izvirzītā hipotēze ir šāda: Padomju Savienībā starpkaru posmā latviešu diasporas pārstāvjiem metavēsture kļuva par vienu no svarīgākajiem ietekmējošajiem faktoriem, kas veica divējādu funkciju. No vienas puses, metavēstures modeļi tika apzināti orientēti uz etniskās identitātes vājināšanu, izkropļošanu un pat likvidāciju, lai to aizvietotu ar tā saukto “proletārisko šķiras apziņu”. No otras puses, tie paši metavēstures modeļi paradoksāli atbalstīja ne tikai latviešu etnisko identitāti, bet arī nacionālo (pilsonisko) apziņu. Pētījuma rezultāti dod pamatu secinājumam, ka metavēstures padomju modeļa faktiskās neveiksmes cēloņi, veicot tam paredzētās funkcijas, bija šādi: 1) metavēstures modelis kā tāds netika pilnīgi izveidots; 2) šā modeļa iedaba liecināja par tā ģenētisko saikni nevis ar vēsturi, bet ar marksistisko socioloģiju, tāpēc šis modelis nevarēja sekmīgi veikt vēstures diskursam raksturīgās funkcijas; 3) daži vēsturiski notikumi, kuri veidoja metavēstures modeļa kodolu, neizbēgami izraisīja latviešos spēcīgas patriotiskās jūtas, tādējādi veidojot specifisku etnisko identitāti atbalstošu faktoru. Raksts sagatavots valsts pētījumu programmas “Latvijas mantojums un nākotnes izaicinājumi valsts ilgtspējai” projektā VPP-IZM-2018/1-0018 “Indivīda, sabiedrības un valsts mijiedarbība kopējā‚ Latvijas vēstures procesā: vērtību konflikti un kopīgu vērtību veidošanās vēsturiskos lūzumu posmos”.
RU
Различные факторы оказывают влияние на формирование, сохранение и развитие этнической идентичности. Некоторые из них явно недооцениваются учёными – например, роль общих (коллективных) представлений о прошлом и моделей метаистории в целом, которые прямо или косвенно воздействуют на национальное самосознание и, соответственно, на этническую идентичность как таковую. Настоящая статья является ретроспективным ситуационным исследованием потенциального воздействия моделей метаистории на этническую идентичность латышей, которые после первой мировой войны и провозглашения независимой Латвийской Республики остались в Советском Союзе, сформировав там довольно стабильную и многочисленную диаспору. В сущности, статья является теоретическим исследованием, поскольку нет возможности провести полевое исследование с целью ответа на принципиально важный вопрос: какие факторы действительно поддерживали этническую идентичность представителей латышской диаспоры в 1920-е–1930-е годы? В определённой степени недостаточность эмпирических данных может быть компенсирована логическими умозаключениями и анализом имеющегося материала, а также экстраполяцией на ситуацию изучаемого периода более поздних данных о советской национальной политике. Автор выдвигает следующую гипотезу: в межвоенный период для представителей латышской диаспоры в Советском Союзе метаистория стала важным фактором, который выполнял двойственную функцию. С одной стороны, модели метаистории были намеренно нацелены на ослабление, искажение и даже ликвидацию этнической идентичности, чтобы заместить её так называемым «пролетарским классовым сознанием». С другой стороны, те же самые модели метаистории парадоксально поддерживали не только этническую идентичность латышей, но и их национальное (гражданское) сознание. Результаты исследования позволяют выделить основные причины неудачи советской модели метаистории в прикладной сфере (в плане выполнения предписанных функций): 1) модель метаистории так и не была разработана до конца; 2) природа этой модели указывала на её генетическую связь не с историей, а с марксистской социологией, поэтому модель и не могла успешно выполнять функции, естественные для исторического дискурса; 3) некоторые исторические события, входящие в ядро метаисторической модели, неизбежно вызывали у латышей сильные патриотические чувства, тем самым формируя специфический фактор поддержки этнической идентичности. Статья подготовлена в рамках государственной программы исследований «Наследие Латвии и будущие вызовы устойчивому развитию государства», проект VPP-IZM-2018/1-0018 «Взаимодействие индивида, общества и государства в общем историческом процессе Латвии: ценностные конфликты и формирование общих ценностей в переломные исторические этапы».
Studia Bobolanum
|
2020
|
vol. 31
|
issue 1
253-278
PL
W artykule zbadano historię pochodzenia rękopisu Euchologionu Kijowskiego (XV-XVI w.) znajdującego się w Watykańskiej Bibliotece Apostolskiej (kolekcja Borgio-Illirico nr 15). Podano miejsca, w których zachował się ten rękopis, oraz sposoby jego wykorzystania na przestrzeni wieków. Dokonano analizy historiograficznej dotychczasowych badań oraz opisu tego manuskryptu we wcześniejszych opracowaniach naukowych. Ponadto podano paleograficzne i kodykologiczne aspekty niniejszego rękopisu oraz wskazano i potwierdzono jego unikalność, a także doniosłość jako jednego z ważnych źródeł dla historii, języka i kultury narodu ukraińskiego.
EN
The article examines the history of the manuscript of the Kiev Euchologion (15th-16th century) located in the Vatican Apostolic Library (collection Borgio-Illirico No. 15). The places are given where this manuscript has survived, and how it has been used over the centuries. A historiographic analysis of previous studies was made and the descriptions of the manuscript that were made in earlier scientific studies were presented. In addition, paleographic and codicological aspects of this manuscript were given, and its uniqueness as well as its importance as one of the important sources for the history, language and culture of the Ukrainian nation were indicated and confirmed.
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