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EN
The subject of the paper is to analyze the possibility of acquisition by the heir of a powers of deceased entrepreneur. Those powers relate to conduct business in terms of emptying septic tanks and transport of liquid waste in the municipality. It was agreed that the powers to conduct business transferred to an heir, in the absence of their content relevant reservations. Then the new authorization is not needed for the conducting the business activity by the heir. In place of the current addressee of the decision enters, by itself, the legal successor.
EN
This paper offers an analysis of a conversation between Zagłoba and Roch Kowalski, two characters from Henryk Sienkiewicz’s The Deluge. The analysis was inspired by the occurrence of (deontic) terms within this dialogue. The question arises of whether both interlocutors are appealing to some principles of deontic logic. To answer this question, a fragment of deontic logic is reconstructed. It is shown that some parts of the conversation in question can be analyzed with help of formal-deontic devices.
EN
Article 19 of the Polish Public Notary Law imposes limitations on public notary workers with regard to undertaking commissioned work outside their main public notary work. This provision, however, is unclear in its interpretation. The article considers the scope of the norm included in the above-mentioned provision and indicates that the norm undoubtedly relates to public notary workers, public notary trainees, associate public notaries and retired public notaries, but it does not include candidates to a public notary position. Further in the article, the author makes a clear division of notions referring to work and activities that bring profit (but not necessarily bring a profit) outside the main public notary work. The above division shows different procedures of obtaining permission from the Council of the Chamber of Public Notaries (RIN). In case of employment outside of the main notary work, advance consent has to be granted. Such consent is not required for work as an academic teacher. RIN, however, can occasionally terminate the employment if it interferes with public notary work. The division results in RIN’s preventative control over the impact an employment will have on the main work of public notary. Commissioned work can be more complex due to a broader interpretation of this notion. This means that a public notary has the duty to report any commissioned work, but they do not have to postpone its commencement until the consent is granted. If the consent is not granted, the notary must terminate any commissioned work with immediate effect. The article considers various types of employment, starting from self-employment to legal person functions, to capital investments. The article also presents the law as it ought to be regarding a simplification and clarification of Article 19 of the Public Notary Law.
EN
The present paper aims to reveal similar and different features when realizing the speech behavior pattern (SPB) of permission in Russian and German. The SPB analysis includes the following major factors to be concerned with: definition of illocutionary purpose of the SPB in terms of Natural Semantic Metalanguage, description of basic grammatical constructions belonging to SBP and identification of communicative-pragmatic factors important for choice of a specific utterance. The possibilities of expressing the SBP of permission in Russian and German are described using the method of the communicative-pragmatic field (CPF). The peculiarities of the field organization in these languages are revealed. The language data are taken from the existing Russian and German corpora.
EN
The basic source of information for the Ministry of the Interior and Administration about purchasing real estate by foreigners are certified copies of notary acts or court decisions. According to the law purchasing real estate by a foreigner in Poland is subject to obtaining permission from a competent ministry of the Interior. Among the notary acts received by the Ministry of the Interior and Administration concerning real estate purchase by foreigners – several transactions that do not conform to applicable law can be recorded. Failure to fulfill by a notary public the obligation of preparing a notary act in a legally accepted manner makes it impossible for the Ministry of the Interior and Administration to assess the validity of the transaction in which a foreigner acquires the real estate and its adherence to Polish regulations regarding real estate purchase. If both parties refuse to consider this contract/transaction as invalid, a relevant body can bring this case to a court with a claim for declaring the transaction of purchasing real estate as void and invalid. The purpose of such an action is to guarantee validity and legitimacy of transactions on real estate market.
PL
Podstawowym źródłem informacji o nabytych przez cudzoziemców nieruchomościach są dla Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji wypisy aktów notarialnych oraz orzeczenia sądowe. Nabycie przez cudzoziemca nieruchomości w Polsce wymaga co do zasady uzyskania zezwolenia ministra właściwego do spraw wewnętrznych. Wśród nadsyłanych do MSWiA wypisów aktów notarialnych dotyczących nabycia nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców odnotowuje się transakcje niezgodne z przepisami ustawy. Niewywiązywanie się z ww. obowiązku m.in. przez notariuszy uniemożliwia przeprowadzenie Ministerstwu Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji badania zgodności transakcji, w których jako nabywcy nieruchomości występują cudzoziemcy, z przepisami ustawy o nabywaniu nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców. Jeśli strony nie chcą uznać umowy za nieważną, organ podejmuje działania prawne, tj. występuje na drogę sądową z pozwem o stwierdzenie nieważności nabycia nieruchomości. Powyższe ma na celu zagwarantowanie pewności obrotu nieruchomościami.
PL
W opracowaniu poddano analizie orzecznictwo sądów administracyjnych dotyczące zakresu stosowania art. 99 ust. 3 i 3a ustawy Prawo farmaceutyczne. Za niekonstytucyjną uznano praktykę rozszerzającej wykładni tego przepisu, przyjmującej, iż ma on zastosowanie nie tylko w postępowaniu o udzielenie zezwolenia na prowadzenie apteki, ale także w postępowaniu w sprawie jego zmiany i cofnięcia. Autorzy wyrażają przekonanie o konieczności ustabilizowania się stanowiska sądów w tej materii i przyjęcia poglądu wyrażonego w najnowszych wyrokach Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego, iż art. 99 ust. 3 i 3a u.p.f. jest jasnym i spójnym przepisem o wyłącznie kompetencyjnym charakterze. Wywodzenie z niego niewyrażonych przez ustawodawcę obowiązków podmiotu prowadzącego aptekę narusza fundamentalne zasady i wartości konstytucyjne.
EN
The study analyzes the jurisprudence of administrative courts regarding the scope of application of Art. 99 sec. 3 and 3a of the Pharmaceutical Law. The application of an extensive interpretation of this provision was deemed unconstitutional. Such an interpretation assumes that it is applicable not only in the procedure for granting a permit to operate a pharmacy, but also in the procedure for its amendment and withdrawal. The authors express the conviction that it is necessary to stabilize the position of the courts in this matter and to adopt the view expressed in the latest judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court that Art. 99 sec. 3 and 3a of the Pharmaceutical Law Act is a clear and coherent provision of a purely competence nature. Deriving from this provision the obligations of an entity running a pharmacy that have not been expressed by the legislator violates fundamental constitutional principles and values.
EN
The provisions regulating entering into marriages by officers of uniformed services concerned all officers of a given formation and were valid throughout the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic, regardless of the form and the provisions of individual districts. Entering into the valid marriage by a uniformed service officer in the interwar period followed the exclusion of objectives, keeping the deadlines and the form provided for by the regulations in force in the given district, as well as aft er prior authorization. The officers of the uniformed services were required to obtain the appropriate permission in order to enter into marriage. This obligation arose at the commencement of service, failure to comply with it resulted in the imposition of procedural penalties provided for in the regulations. The legislator specified in detail the predispositions of applicants and spouse candidates, as well as matters related to issuing permissions, deadlines for submitting applications, timeframes for handling cases, jurisdiction of the authorities, the consequences of exceeding deadlines and the appeal procedure.
PL
Przepisy regulujące zawieranie małżeństw przez funkcjonariuszy służb mundurowych dotyczyły ogółu funkcjonariuszy danej formacji i posiadały moc obowiązującą na całym obszarze II Rzeczpospolitej, niezależnie od formy zawarcia oraz przepisów poszczególnych dzielnic. Zawarcie ważnego związku małżeńskiego przez funkcjonariusza służby mundurowej w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym następowało po wykluczeniu przeszkód, po uzyskaniu zezwolenia oraz przy zachowaniu terminów oraz formy przewidzianej przez przepisy obowiązujące w danej dzielnicy. Funkcjonariusze służb mundurowych w celu zawarcia związku małżeńskiego zobowiązani zostali do uzyskania odpowiedniego zezwolenia. Obowiązek ten powstawał w momencie rozpoczęcia służby, niezastosowanie się do niego skutkowało nałożeniem kar porządkowych, przewidzianych w przepisach. Ustawodawca szczegółowo określił predyspozycje wnioskodawców oraz kandydatów na małżonków, jak również kwestie dotyczące wydawania zezwoleń, terminów składania wniosków, ramy czasowe załatwiania spraw, właściwość organów, skutki przekroczenia terminów oraz procedurę odwoławczą.
PL
Polski ustawodawca, zgodnie z upoważnieniem wynikającym z dyrektywy z 2002 r. w sprawie pośrednictwa ubezpieczeniowego, zaostrzył warunki wykonywania działalności brokerskiej w stosunku do wymagań europejskich, wprowadzając w ustawie z 2003 r. o pośrednictwie ubezpieczeniowym obowiązek uzyskania zezwolenia na wykonywanie takiej działalności. Pozostałe warunki, w tym dotyczące ustalenia przez państwo członkowskie warunków dotyczących właściwej wiedzy i umiejętności – odpowiadają wymogom tej dyrektywy. Uchwalona w maju 2014 r. ustawa o ułatwieniu dostępu do wykonywania niektórych zawodów regulowanych wprowadza zmiany do ustawy o pośrednictwie ubezpieczeniowym, w tym dotyczące zwolnienia pewnych kategorii osób z obowiązku zdawania egzaminu i skrócenia czasu doświadczenia zawodowego niezbędnego do uzyskania zezwolenia. Powyższą ustawą zniesiono również obowiązek doskonalenia umiejętności zawodowych brokerów przez odbywanie okresowych szkoleń zawodowych. Gównym jednak czynnikiem wpływającym na dostęp do zawodu brokera, a wynikającym z ustawy deregulacyjnej, jest wzrost sumy gwarancyjnej w obowiązkowym ubezpieczeniu OC brokera, co oznacza wyższą składkę od wzrastającej minimalnej sumy gwarancyjnej.
EN
The Polish legislature authorised by the Directive of 2002 on insurance mediation tightened up the conditions for the pursuit of brokerage activities in relation to the European requirements, implementing the obligation to obtain a permission for such activities in the Act of 2003 on insurance mediation. The remaining conditions, including the determination by a Member State of the provisions on appropriate knowledge and ability – comply with the requirements of this directive. The Act on facilitating access to practise certain regulated professions passed in May 2014, introduces amendments to the Insurance Mediation Act, including the exemption of certain categories of persons from the obligation to take an exam and reduction of the length of professional experience necessary to obtain a permission. By means of this act the obligation to improve professional skills by brokers through holding periodic vocational training was abolished. However, according to the author of the article, the main factor affecting the access to the broker profession and resulting from the deregulation act , is the increase of the sum insured in the compulsory broker liability insurance, which for brokers commencing their activity entails a higher premium from the growing minimum guaranteed sum.
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Co je v právu dovoleno a co je zakázáno:

51%
EN
The paper strives to answer a seemingly apparent question about permitted and forbidden behavior in law. The aim is to show that the answer is complicated not only due to the fact, that law is a very complex system of legal rules. The true nature rests in fact, that rules comprised in law are quite often deliberately challenged by their recipients. The paper strives to show the cause and present examples. Inter alia, there is tension between the concept of democracy and concept of human rights present in the background.
CS
Text hledá odpověď na zdánlivě samozřejmou otázku týkající se toho, jaké chování je v právu dovoleno či zakázáno. Snaží se dokázat, že odpověď je složitá nikoliv pouze z toho důvodu, že současné právo představuje mimo jiné velmi složitý soubor pravidel chování, nýbrž také proto, že je mnohdy záměrně a soustavně zpochybňován obsah těchto pravidel jejich adresáty. Příčiny tohoto jevu se snaží odhalit a ukázat na příkladech. V pozadí se odhaluje napětí mezi konceptem demokracie a konceptem lidských práv.
EN
This article discusses the organisations for collective management of copyrights in the polish legal system. The most important aspects of International and European regulations are described in the context of their influence on Polish copyright law. The legal and functional fundamentals of organisations for collective management of copyrights are mentioned with their practically consequences. All polish organisations for collective management of copyrights and fields of their leading activities are listed and shortly presented.
EN
In this article, some of the primary rules that regulate acquiring property by foreign citizens in Switzerland, have been described. In the article, the legal definition of a “foreign national” as well as the particular situation of EU countries’ citizens who reside in Switzerland with the intention of gaining permanent residency, have been subject to discussion. In the study, the legal premises that are essential to acquire a property by a foreign national, and that need to be met in order to obtain an obligatory permission (issued in the form of administrative decision), that allows transfer of rights to the properties, have been widely discussed. The premises mentioned have been outlined in both the objective, as well as the subjective aspect. The article indicates the great importance that the properties of residential use have for the swiss legislator, which in return causes that transfer of rights to such kind of properties is a subject to relevant legal restrictions, which are strictly connected with the currently applied immigration policy of Switzerland. Simultaneously, the study indicates the legal rule of the free acquisition of property that is used for running an economic activity by foreign nationals, which doesn.t require any administrative authorisation. Moreover, another exceptions from the rule of acquiring a property by a foreign citizen (based on a permission from the competent authority) and the competences that the cantonal authorities have in that field, have also been listed in the article. The study highlights the legal consequences of undertaking a legal action that is contrary to the act or to the ordinance, or that is undertaken with the intention of dodging existing regulations. Based on the analysis of the swiss regulations, the article suggests the polish legislator implementing legal changes de lege ferenda in case of the polish act of acquiring properties by foreigners in Poland from 1920.
PL
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie najbardziej typowych metod wyrażania modalności deontycznej (tj. nakazu, zakazu i przyzwolenia) w brytyjskich, amerykańskich i polskich umowach. Autorka dokonuje analizy 45 umów sformułowanych w polskim, amerykańskimi brytyjskim języku prawniczym. Zanalizowano następujące umowy: (i) umowy przeniesienia własności, (ii) umowy sprzedaży, (iii) umowy najmu i dzierżawy, (iv) umowy logistyczne (dystrybucji i magazynowania), (v) umowy spółek kapitałowych i osobowych, (vi) umowy świadczenia usług, (vii) umowy o dzieło, umowy zlecenia oraz umowy o pracę. Autorka przedstawia przykłady i dokonuje zestawienia wykładników modalności deontycznej w tabelach. Zebrane przykłady mogą stanowić ekwiwalenty przekładowe zgodnie z zasadą stosowania ekwiwalencji tekstowo-normatywnej (cf. Kierzkowska 2002).
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present most typical methods of expressing deontic modality, namely obligation, prohibition and permission in Polish, American and British contracts. The author has analyzed the corpora of about 45 contracts formulated in British-English, American-English and Polish, namely: (i) deeds of conveyance, (ii) contracts of sale, (iii) contracts of lease, (iv) logistic contracts, (v) deeds of partnership and company-related contracts, (vi) contracts for rendering services and (vii) contracts of employment. After presenting the exponents of deontic modality, the author compiles the results in tables to show potential translative equivalents. The listing of such exponents of modality may serve translation purposes in accordance with textual-normative equivalence (cf. Kierzkowska 2002).
Vox Patrum
|
2016
|
vol. 65
653-681
EN
St. Augustine interprets the tragedy of Job presented in the Bible by two co­incidental and connected with each other scenes: the first describes the history of man depressed with suffering, who lost his property, family and health, where the second one shows the dialog on the spiritual level between God and Satan, in con­sequence of which Satan receives the power of doing damage (potestas nocendi) to Job. The matter of this power, its range and goal are examined by The Bishop of Hippo by means of the relationship analysis between God, deviland Job. The power of harming comes from God and He is definitely responsible for Job’s suffering. He gives this power for devil but only for making man more pre­fect and revealing His justice. Where the action of devil is the charge of insincere devotion, jealousy, suspecting of hidden sin and temptation of Job in order to make him turn around from God. But for Job the experience of suffering is the trial which is given from God and by it God demands from Job taking a decision. His reply to God is described by St. Augustine as trust and agreement his will with God’s will. The power of harming is limited first by God’s will and permission given by Him, next by devil’s nature as a creature which has to ask for harm­ing permission and hasn’t got any access to human heart, and later by Job’s will and a choice made by him. So potestas nocendi is not license of devil, but first of all the power of God and devil’s desire of harming.
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