The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between personality factors and tendency to internet overuse and to reveal those personality variables which may allow to predict tendency to internet addiction. 126 young people, aged 18–25 (M= 22,0; SD 1,93; 58,7% – men, and 41,3% – women) participated in the study. Internet Engagement Questionnaire and NEO-FFI Inventory (Costa@MCCrae) were used in the study. Data revealed the relationship between neuroticism, openness to experience and agreeableness with internet engagement. Agreeableness and neuroticism appeared predictors of tendency to internet addiction.
Shame is treated as a socially disturbing emotion. It appears when there is big difference between real and ideal self. The main aim is to study the relationship between susceptibility of shame experience and personality variables including sex variable. High level of shame experience among women is connected with higher level of neuroticism and lower level of conscientiousness in comparison with others. On the other hand the high level of shame experience among men is connected with the higher neuroticism, but also with extraversion. The other aim of study was to explore obtained experience obtained in the relationship with parents and connected with learning the feeling of shame. The new method (Questionnaire on the Susceptibility of Shame Experience) was used during the research.
The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between personality factors and tendency to emancipation. The author focuses on the most important problems of personality of persons with visual disabilities. She wonders why do certain factors of personality encourage the process while others slow it down. The process of emancipation is complex and long-lasting but very significant not only from the perspective of people with visual disabilities, but also for all the people in a community that respect diversity.
ries, which is frequently discussed topic in these days, especially due to potential negative impact on society. The study provides a review of basic psychological theories and approaches dealing with conspiracies and defines basic terms related to this topic as conspiracy theories or conspiracy mentality. The psychological explanations of conspiracy beliefs acceptance involve several underlying psychological processes such as personality and psychopathology, intra and inter-group dynamics, uncertainty and control management or evolutionary based cognitive mechanisms. Possible negative consequences of conspiracies include aggressive behavior, increasing prejudices or negative health-related attitudes or behavior. The study concludes that conspiracy theories should be considered as complex, multifactorial phenomenon resulting from interplay of personality, cognitive and social factors.
SK
Prehľadová štúdia sa zameriava na konšpiračné teórie, ktoré sú dnes často diskutované najmä kvôli potencionálnemu negatívnemu dopadu na spoločnosť. Štúdia poskytuje prehľad základných psychologických teórií a prístupov zaoberajúcich sa konšpiráciami a definuje základné pojmy súvisiace s touto témou ako konšpiračné teórie či konšpiračná mentalita. Psychologické vysvetlenie akceptácie konšpiračných presvedčení pracuje s viacerými pôsobiacimi procesmi, ako je osobnosť či psychopatológia, vnútro či medziskupinová dynamika, manažment neistoty a kontroly, alebo evolučne dané kognitívne mechanizmy. Možné negatívne dôsledky konšpirácií zahŕňajú agresívne správanie, zvýšené predsudky alebo negatívne so zdravím súvisiace postoje či správanie. Štúdia prichádza k záveru, že konšpiračné teórie sú komplexný multifaktorový jav a dôsledok interakcie medzi osobnostnými, kognitívnymi a sociálnymi faktormi.
This article provides a historical overview of aesthetics as a science, which showed that methodological problems of aesthetic education of the younger generation in modern society has an important place in philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, art, culture and others. The development of aesthetics is a direct reflection of the evolution of society. Studying the genesis, functioning in a society of aesthetic theories and beliefs, the history of aesthetics gives the necessary background for understanding the theoretical problems of aesthetic education. The dialectical method of cognition is known, it involves the unity of historical and theoretical approaches to the analysis of any phenomenon, so the problem of aesthetic education research carried out in the context of the evolution of the main aesthetic doctrines. Methodological problems of aesthetic education of the younger generation in modern society are investigated. Analysis of the literature confirms that aesthetic education depends, first, on the social and cultural environment, and secondly, is determined by psychophysiological and general development of the child. Therefore, aesthetic education is determined by natural talent, is spontaneously formed in a socio-cultural and educational environment; it determines life, artistic and aesthetic experience and it is updated through targeted educational influence. Thus, the conceptual basis of modern foreign research is orientation on upbringing of an individual with a stable aesthetic worldview based on human values and priorities. On the other hand, unbiased analysis shows that the views of scientists on this important issue are ambiguous and constitute a mosaic picture on the level of theoretical and empirical considerations and need further research. The study used the following methods: analysis of philosophical, historical, art, psychological and educational literature of the study; comparison, generalization and systematization of scientific-theoretical information on the problem of aesthetic education of the individual.
The main task of professional training in any kind of human activity including sport is forming a psychological state of readiness to assimilate knowledge, skills and habits. It is especially significant to do intense kinds of activity. Important fact is that the human’s success in such kinds of activity is possible only in achieving the optimal level of professionally important psychological states. And these states might be experienced by a person and be realized and evaluated as actual (or essential) at the moment given. According to the dialectical material understanding of determinism in psychology, influences from outside cause one or another psychological effect not immediately but with the help of inner conditions. The most important component of these inner conditions is the subject’s psychological state, which characterizes it at the moment given and affects the course of psychological proceeds. In the article the definition of hierarchical substructure of psychological state which is important not only in theory but also in methodology, because it underlines the necessity of complex approach of exploring this phenomenon is analyzed. Between the activity and state there is a dialectical connection: conditions and importance of activity determine the features of the state which affects the efficiency of the activity. That is why the problem of interconnection of the activity and the state takes an important place in studies of the overall psychological plan and also in psychological researches, directed at the need of military, work and sports activity. Despite these and other non-mentioned researches, it can be said that the problem of psychological states that occur during the human activity and define its efficiency in many cases is still unsolved. The research, even in the general sense, of the problem of psychological states that arise during the trainings of sportsmen is still not an object of systematical research though it is important enough for a sport practice and for psychology as a science.
Goal of the research was analysis of the relation between personality styles and coping strategies. We examined coping strategies on three hierarchical levels which refers to R.S. Lazarus’s model of coping with stress and personality styles, which derived from J. Kuhl´s PSI theory. We analyzed data of 139 university students (55 males and 84 females). We found out, that the most frequent coping strategy was social support and problem focused engagement strategies, highest appearance showed optimistic, loyal and willing personality style. Main purpose of this research was investigation of the relation among personality styles and coping strategies. Personality styles characterized by positive emotivity (participating on production of certain behavior) correlated with engagement (active) coping strategies. Personality styles characterized by negative emotions (dampening volition and behavior) correlated above all to disengagement (insulative, avoiding) coping strategies.
SK
Cieľom výskumu bola analýza vzťahu medzi osobnostnými štýlmi a zvládaním záťaže. Skúmali sme copingové stratégie na troch hierarchicky usporiadaných úrovniach, ktoré vychádzajú z modelu zvládania R. S. Lazarusa a osobnostné štýly, ktoré vychádzajú z teórie PSI J. Kuhla. Analyzovali sme údaje 139 vysokoškolských študentov (55 mužov a 84 žien). Zistili sme, že najčastejšie využívanou copingovou stratégiou bola sociálna opora a príklonové stratégie zamerané na problém, najvyšší výskyt dosahovali optimistický, lojálny a ochotný osobnostný štýl. Hlavným cieľom výskumu bolo skúmanie vzťahu osobnostných štýlov a copingových stratégií. Osobnostné štýly, pre ktoré je charakteristická vysoká kladná emotívnosť (podieľa sa na tvorbe daného správania), korelujú s príklonovými (aktívnymi) copingovými stratégiami. Osobnostné štýly, pre ktoré sú charakteristické negatívne emócie (tlmia voľné procesy a správanie), korelujú predovšetkým s odklonovými (izolačnými, vyhýbajúcimi sa) stratégiami zvládania záťažových situácií.
The paper explores situational and dispositional underpinnings of cooperative behavior. According to psychological research, cooperation is strongly related to affective states (Forgas, 1998) and personality dimensions (Volk, Thöni, & Ruigrok, 2011). In an experimental study we examined the conditions under which people cooperate with each other. The dispositional traits of co-workers (personality), the contribution to a collaborative effort, and a situational factor – ambient odor condition were taken into consideration. A one-way ANOVA revealed that compared to a malodorous condition, both the pleasant odor condition and the natural odor condition showed higher rates of cooperation. Further analysis indicated that only malodors influenced affective states which in turn determined social decisions. Although we found effects for the participants’ agreeableness and the coworker’s contribution to a joint work, they appeared to play a less critical role than affective states induced by the experimental odor conditions tested here.
The article reveals the problem of psychological sustainability of future higher school teachers in conditions of the risk society. Current research in sociology and psychology on the peculiarities of psychological security of the personality in conditions of traumatic events of the risk society are analyzed. The necessity of studying the psychological aspects of training research-pedagogical staff in the risk society is proved. The essence of the concept «psychological sustainability» is defined, which is interpreted as the ability of a person to face difficulty, keep the faith in situations of frustration and to maintain a high level of mood. The components of psychological sustainability are outlined, namely: emotional, volitional, intellectual (cognitive), motivational and psychomotor. It is proved that the psychological sustainability of the personality to social problems and risks is an integral index, which reflects the results of training and education of the personality, and the experience of interaction with the environment. The article focuses on the study of specific risks in the life of young generation. The typology of situations of youth social risk, according to which the first type of risk is associated with competition between peers in personal development, problems of health and protection of life; the second type of risk is conditioned by the uncertainty of youth life start; the third type of risk is associated with uncertainty of youth self-realization opportunities; the fourth type of risk situations is connected with value-normative uncertainty; the fifth type of risk situations is associated with the uncertainty of youth identity. The essence of the concept of «sustainability» is defined, which is understood as the ability to overcome difficult situations constructively, remain active and prevent negative effects of stress. The basic values of vital sustainability are clarified: cooperation, trust, and creativity. The components of vital sustainability as a system of beliefs about oneself, about the world and relationship with it: inclusion, control, and risk taking are considered. The emphasis is put on the fact that sustainable personality views life as a way to gain experience and is ready to take risks. Common indicators of destroying of personal psychological sustainability are outlined. Psychological recommendations for forming psychological sustainability to the risks in future teachers in the risk society, their ability to assess risks, to be able to actualize psychological sustainability in them and in the students’ environment are formulated.
From the evolutional perspective, goods gained in the competition can increase the individual’s prospect for surviving and mating, resulting in a higher genetic representation in the next generations. Our aim was to investigate how personality characteristics influence the benefits earned from and strategies applied to a competitive game that was played for real money. In the experimental settings university students played the Public Goods game, transformed to a competitive situation. We used Temperament and Character Inventory by Cloninger, and the Mach IV. Test in order to obtain information about the subjects’ personality and character profiles and their level of Machiavellianism. Furthermore, at the end of the experiment participants reported the main motives underlying their decisions during the game which enabled us to classify them as “individually-oriented” and “prosocially-oriented” players. Significant difference was found between the female and male participants in the amount of benefit they gained: the women’s contribution to the public goods was significantly higher, therefore they earned less money, than men did. The amount of benefit negatively correlated with Reward Dependence and Persistence. Finally, significant differences were revealed between individually-oriented and prosocially-oriented players in the strategy they played, and the amount of benefit they gained.
The article is primarily concerned with the ambiguities which surround the concept of the person. According to the philosophical tradition taking its roots from Locke's definition, personhood depends on consciousness. Therefore, “personhood” can be ascribed to different entities, and only these entities acquire a moral standing. This can entail that a human being may or may not be considered as a person, as well as higher animals and even artificial machines. Everything depends on manifest personal characteristics. In order to sort out different meanings ascribed to “person,” I distinguish between being a person and acting as a person. Then, I show that a human being is a paradigm of the person and his being always precedes his acting.
The main focus of our research is to study, with the help of the dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (hereinafter: MBTI) the personality preferences of those leaders at the financial advisor company who are successful already. In the present study first we introduce the preferences of MBTI. Then we go on to define our hypothesis regarding the typical preferences of the leaders, focusing on the main leadership tasks of the company.
Our research concerns the problematic use of a mobile phone, which was carried out on a Polish sample. We adapted an instrument to measure that construct, created by Bianchi and Phillips – Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS). The Polish equivalent of this scale, developed by Izdebski and Kotyśko, is called the Problematic Cell Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ). Our main goal was to determine if personality variables and depression are related to using a mobile phone. The study included 315 mobile phone users between the ages 18 to 62. Results showed that problematic mobile phone use was related to a young age, extraversion, low agreeableness and a high level of depression.
Cogent argument for better understanding of the take-up of teacher professional development through understanding the definition itself has been presented. The main constituents of the definition with reference to different sources of information in psychology, philosophy and pedagogics have been analyzed. To make the research more logical, the definitions “personality development”, “professional development” and “teacher professional development” have been studied in consecutive order. The literature review, which is based on Ukrainian and foreign documents observation, shows different approaches to defining the notion studied: a process-based approach and a system-based approach, as well as their conditional character and appropriateness. In authors’ view, teacher education is a key issue in basic development sectors of any country of the world. Teachers’ professional activities must not focus on individual content only but bear in mind students’ intellectual, spiritual, physical, moral, social and cultural well being. Teacher professional development is a powerful and effective premise for sustained improvement of student outcomes. On the whole, teacher professional development can be defined as a long-term complex process of qualitative changes in teaching aimed at teacher performance improvement in the classroom and ensuring students’ success. According to the study, this process can be compulsory or so called optional. The effectiveness of professional development is structured: leadership, knowledge, available recourses, high level of collaboration, appropriate evaluation and sustainability.
Both artists and mystics have been inspired throughout the ages by divine powers. Both therefore have a need for isolation so that their acts of devotion may be performed and preparation is made for incubation and enlightenment. This article examines the role of personality traits on mystical experiences among artistically gifted young people. Ss (N = 150 aged 15-20 yrs) were administered questionnaire measures personality traits (Cattell’s Personality Questionnaire, Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire Revised, Szymołon’s Fascination and Fear Scale) and religious experience (Hood’s Mysticism Scale). Canonical correlation were used (SPSS). The effects of psychological analysis suggests that creativity (psychoticism, extraversion, emotional stability, anxiety and emotional ambivalence to God) is important factor on mystical experience (tree aspects of mysticism: timelessness, ineffability and positive affect) on creative persons, especially on women; on men is limited to one trait of personality (suspicion) and one aspect of mysticism (timelessness). The results suggest that creativity and gender may be important variable to consider within the theory of religious experience.
Relationships among different aspects of romantic relationship quality, the usage of information and communication technologies (ICT), characteristics of a relationship, demographics, and personality were examined on a sample of 407 students in the Republic of Slovenia. The findings suggest that the most important factor in determining the quality of a romantic relationship is companionship (joint activities of a romantic couple). Romantic couples who generally spent more time in joint activities also spent more time using ICT in maintaining their romantic relationship. The usage of ICT in a romantic relationship itself does not influence the quality of that relationship. The general usage of ICT, however, deteriorates the quality of the romantic relationship. Once we take into account the impact of companionship, personality variables do not provide any unique contributions to romantic relationship quality.
The present study explores the relationship between Cloninger scales and Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT ) traits. Cloninger's psychobiological model identifies four dimensions of temperament (Novelty seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Persistence) and three dimensions of character (Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence). RTT proposes the traits of Briskness, Perseveration, Sensory Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance and Activity as the basic dimensions underlying individual differences. The relationships between the dimensions of Cloninger's Temperament and Character and Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament are investigated in a sample of 282 participants. Data analysis demonstrated some significant correlations between the two models. The strongest associations were found between the dimension of Harm Avoidance from Cloninger’s concept and Strelau’s RTT traits (positive correlations from r = .73 for Emotional Reactivity to r = .48 for Perseveration, and negative correlations from r = -.57 for Endurance to r = -.51 for Briskness). However, there is not enough evidence to suggest that the two models offer an alternative way of explaining individual differences. According to RTT, temperamental traits are expressed in formal characteristics of behavior (energetic and temporal) and every kind of behavior (irrespective of its content) can be described in the same formal categories. In the Psychobiological Model of Personality the traits are characterized rather by the content or goals of behavior. In this model, in addition to underlining the biological variation of heritable traits, the social, cultural and phenotypical levels of behavior are reflected.
The paper discusses the post-traumatic disorders as the consequence of disaster, their course and determinants. As an illustration, the summary of the results of the Polish studies on flood survivors, conducted in 1999-2007, was presented. The studies were focused on the identification of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), assessed in several groups of victims in the early (about three months) and late phase (from one to years) after the flood. The findings indicate that PTSD is a multi-causal phenomenon with many risk factors, preceding the flood and operating during the trauma and in the post-traumatic period, which result in arousing and maintaining in time PTSD symptoms. The main conclusion of Polish studies on flood survivors underlines the eminent role of personality traits, including temperament, as well as within-family factors influencing PTSD.
The study addresses a problem which is inadequately investigated in second language acquisition research, that is, personality predictors of foreign language aptitude. Specifically, it focuses on the Five Factor model which includes Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism (Costa & McCrae, 1992) as traits differentiating gifted and nongifted foreign language learners and predicting results of foreign language aptitude tests. Although contemporary researchers generally agree that affect is an important variable in second language acquisition, most empirical studies demonstrate that personality factors are weakly correlated with cognitive abilities and that their contribution to the ultimate attainment is minor (cf. Robinson & Ellis, 2008). On the other hand, these factors constitute an integral part of cognitive ability development (cf. Dörnyei, 2009); therefore, neglecting them in research on foreign language aptitude would be unjustified. The following study is an attempt to analyze the Five Factors in two groups of learners: gifted and nongifted. In order to answer the question as to which and to what extent personality factors have a predictive effect on foreign language aptitude, the results were subjected to a multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study are presented and discussed in a wider context of research on cognitive abilities.
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