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1

Living in the senses and learning with love – John MacMurray’s philosophy of embodied emotion

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MacAllister J., Thorburn M.
Journal of Pedagogy
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
143-160
EN
In this article we analyse the central role that the body plays in John MacMurray’s account of learning to be human. As with Merleau-Ponty, MacMurray rejected mind-body dualisms and argued for the need to understand what it means to be a person. Through our analysis we highlight the key principles that characterize MacMurray’s philosophy in relation to personhood and the body, namely: 1) all human knowledge and action should be for the sake of friendship and 2) human persons exist first and foremost in their bodies as ‘knowing agents’ rather than in their minds as ‘knowing subjects’. We thereafter explain MacMurray’s views on education and how it must support people to live in personal rather than functional relation with each other by attending more to bodily experience and education of the emotions. Accordingly, MacMurray considered that persons can either ‘use’ their bodily senses as mere instruments for functional purposes or they can ‘live’ in their bodily senses by learning to love (not ‘using’ but rather apprehending the real value of) other persons. In conclusion, we suggest that MacMurray’s philosophy can open up a different way of thinking about the educational value of physical activity. For MacMurray shared physical pursuits are especially educational when carried out for their own sake and when all persons’ present experience moments of bodily joy and togetherness and a better understanding of each other.
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Can There Be Post-Persons and What Can We Learn From Considering Their Possibility?

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Neiders I.
Ethics in Progress
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
56-71
EN
Many prominent bioethicists have recently raised the question of the possibility of moral status enhancement. In this paper I discuss the arguments advanced by Nicholas Agar for the possible existence of the postpersons. I argue that in spite of the many limitations and shortcomings of Agar’s account, there are no conclusive reasons to rule out the possibility of moral status enhancement. However, if post-persons are as they are described by Agar, the fact of their possibility is less interesting and ethically relevant than it might seem. Most importantly, the account of post-persons given by Agar is rather an outcome of some implausible assumptions. I propose that Agar conflates the ethical with the scientific and dismisses the importance of phenomenology in framing our ethical outlook. Also, he seems to follow the assumption made by many utilitarian ethicists that such features as sentience and cognitive capacities have some universal relevance. This accounts for the delusion that we can view our moral attitudes from the point of view of the Universe.
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Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych a unormowania Kodeksu Rodzinnego i Opiekuńczego

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Anna S.
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
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2014
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issue 6
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę unormowań k.r.o. pod kątem zgodności z regulacją Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych. Stwierdzono, że przepisy Konwencji wpłyną na wykładnię przepisów kodeksowych. Przykładowo, rozstrzygnięcia sądu dotyczące zarządu majątkiem wspólnym małżonków powinny uwzględniać wyrażony w art. 22 Konwencji zakaz arbitralnej ingerencji w sprawy rodzinne osoby niepełnosprawnej. Sprzeczny z Konwencją jest art. 12 k.r.o., formułujący przeszkodę małżeńską w postaci choroby psychicznej albo niedorozwoju umysłowego. Wymaga on interwencji ustawodawcy zmierzającej do zapewnienia statuowanego w art. 23 Konwencji prawa osób niepełnosprawnych, które są w odpowiednim do zawarcia małżeństwa wieku, do zawarcia małżeństwa i do założenia rodziny na podstawie swobodnie wyrażonej i pełnej zgody przyszłych małżonków.
EN
The article analyzes the regulations of the Family and Guardianship Code with respect to their compliance with the provisions of the Convention on the rights of the disabled. It states that the Convention provisions will influence the interpretation of the Code provisions. For example, court decisions on the management of spouses’ joint property should take into account the prohibition of arbitrary interference in a disabled person’s family matters, set out in Art. 22 of the Convention. Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych... 657 Art. 12 of the Family and Guardianship Code, defining mental illness or retardation as an impediment to marriage, is in contradiction with the Convention. It requires the legislator’s intervention aimed at ensuring the disabled who reached the age of consent the right to marry and start a family pursuant to a freely expressed and full approval of prospective spouses (Art. 23 of the Convention).
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Sobreelevación de la solidaridad a Cuerpo de Cristo

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Ferrer U.
Studia Ełckie
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2013
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vol. 15
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issue 1
77-87
EN
The article opens with an exposition of the notion of solidarity as an interper-sonal link, in opposition to the conventional association of individuals. In the first instance, such solidarity characterizes the Eucharistic communion which embraces those who feed from the same Bread and Wine, and is not understood as a passive effect of the sacrament, but as moral virtue which springs up from the cooperation with Jesus the Redeemer. Secondly, solidarity assimilates the life of a man to that of his Saviour which is echoed with the words of St. Paul: “and yet I am alive; yet it is no longer I, but Christ living in me” (Ga. 2, 20). And, thirdly, solidarity, which finds its basis in the Eucharist, can not expect its fulfilment in this earthly life of man, but only in reaching the glorious floor of heaven.
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Ewolucja swobód rynku wewnętrznego Unii Europejskiej w czasie dwudziestu lat jego funkcjonowania.

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Czermińska M.
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
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2015
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issue 4
47-60
EN
January 1, 2013 have passed twenty years since the formal establishment of the single internal market of the European Union. This does not mean that from that day there were no barriers to movement of goods, persons, services and capital. They were abolished gradually, but still today the European Union’s internal market, which consists of 28 countries and inhabited by over 500 million people, it does not operate as a single national market. The aim of the study is to show the evolution of the functioning of the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital, with particular emphasis on the direction of changes in the near future.
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More Substance, Please: A Reply To Michael Esfeld’s Minimalist Ontology of Persons

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Cucu A. C.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2023
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vol. 7
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issue 3
48-66
EN
Michael Esfeld has recently put forth his ontology of persons, with which he hopes to secure freedom and irreducible personhood as well as scientific realism, all by working with minimal ontological assumptions. I present his view and investigate it, finding it too minimalistic: Esfeld’s featureless matter points do not warrant an emergence of persons from matter, and his claim that persons can create themselves by adopting a normative attitude seems more like a just-so story. Also, Esfeld’s rejection of classical mind-body dualism seems premature. I present as an alternative a modified mind-body dualism which solves the problems of Esfeld’s view and argue that embedding it in a theistic worldview is favorable for any account that seeks to establish irreducible personhood.
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Analiza bio-psycho-społecznych uwarunkowań zjawiska niepodejmowania pracy

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Rożeńska R., Przybysz R., Szamburska J.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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1988
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issue XV
153-202
EN
The paper has been devoted to the discussion of the findings of an interdisciplinary empirical study of the phenomenon of evasion of work. An attempt was made in the study to reach the psycho-social and biological conditions of attitudes towards work.             From among the properties that characterize the group of persons evading work, the authors were particularly interessted in: the degree of professional destabilization, committing offences excessive drinking, family destabilization, psychological variables, and state of health.             Subjects of the study were men aged 30-31 from the city of Łódź,  registered as evading work in the employment agency and in social-administrative divisions of the state administrative agencies. Among all of the persons registered in the above-mentioned age group, most motions concern a group of 103 persons (NP). These 103 persons were submitted to direct medical, psychological and sociological examination, while a number of data concerning the entire group of 843 persons were gathered by means of indirect methods (analysis of documents). The latter made it possible to describe in more detail problems as important as crime, excessive drinking or state of health.             As a control group, a group of 204 men (P) working in great industrial plants in Łódź was examined by means of all of the above-mentioned methods.             8 hypotheses have been formula ted that expressed the relations between the separate characteristics of the examined persons. Not all of these hypotheses have been verified acording to our theoretical expectations.             To mention the most important conclusions only, it should be stated that about one-fourth of the total of 845 men were fit for being taken off the register of persons evading work. None on these persons were included in the basic 103-person sample; yet this group was examined for pragmatic reasons together with the population in the case of which indirect of examination were applied (analysis of documents).             Another finding that might seem interesting is that 13 per cent of the examined persons may be suspected with high probability of having seemingly taken a job in order to circumvent the law.             From among other data concerning the entire 845-person population the fact should be taken into consideration that 22.7 per cent of them are treated in mental health and (or in withdrawal clinics, with the majority treated in the former), and that 49,5 per cent of them have committed offences (transgression left out of account), the majority committing the same type of offence repeatedly. As far as the basic group of 103 persons is concerned, one of its most important traits appears to be extensive drinking and crime. The latter shows a somewhat greater intensity as compared with the entire population; as many as 54.5 per cent of persons committed offences, and over 60 per cent of them are recidivists. Crime can be found but in isolated cases in the group of working men (5 per cent). The kind of offences committed in the group of persons evading work seems symptomatic. Their offences are poorly differentiated and practically resolve themselves to three groups: 1 ) against the property; 2) against person; 3) against family with an emphatic prevalence of those of the first group. This structure may be recognized as typical of the population of persons who evade work. The predomination of various kinds of thefts, mostly petty ones, may be treated as the way of securing material resources which for various reasons are not secured in socially accepted ways. A nearly complete absence of serious and most serious offences testifies to a specific type of demoralization which is however not dangerous to the society.             One can also speak in earnest of high intensity of alcoholism in this group. About two-thirds of men drink excessively; over a half of those drinking are alcohol dependent. Generally speaking, the basic problem of destabilization of the professional career may be expressed as follows: Near1y 20 per cent (of the 103-persons group) reveal symptoms of complete professional destabilization, and 35 per cent are considerablv destabilized. A slight degree of professional destabilization can be found in 10 per cent, while in the group of working men (P) this category (together with that characterized by full stabilization) is most numerous one, amounting to nearly 90 per cent. It should also be added that in the latter group (P) there is a number of persons (10.5 per cent) who reveal a considerable degree of professional destabilization.(The index of professional stabilization included among other things number of years in work number of practised professions, length of employment in the trained profession, number of workplaces in which the given person was employed, kinds and lengths of intervals employment).          State of  health undoubtedly plays an important part in professional stabilization. The data from this field point to a considerable decrease of the ability to work. The percentage of persons with disorders of somatic health is high and amounts in the groups NP and P to 91.1 and 88. 8 per cent respectively; these disorders are however of a varying character, with serious ones found in 36 and 21 per cent of groups NP and P respectively. in the unemployed group, the percentage of persons whose diseases are related to their lack of personal hygiene and irrational mode of life (e.g. excessive drinking) is significantly higher. Hence the frequent gastroduodenal troubles, diseases of the urogenital system, and the serious though underrated lesions of dentition. Moreover, in as many as 67 per cent cases in this group, tattooings and self-mutilations characteristic of the delinquent subculture could be found.             As far as the examined persons mental condition is concerned, psychopathic personality disorders can be noticed to predominate decidedly in the group NP-41 per cent; in 18 per cent of these persons, organic grounds of the discovered troubles can be suspected (lesions of the central nervous system); in 4 cases, epilepsy was diagnosed.             Evident disorders of psychic function which limited the ability to work were found in 15 per cent of persons in the unemployed group; slight disorders- in 28 per cent; and trivial ones - in 47 per cent. In group P, the percentages were 2.3 and as many as 52 respectively.             The state of somatic and mental health served as the base for the given person's ability to work. In none of the cases permanent (complete) inability to work was found; 12 per cent had a seriously, 39 per cent significantly, and 33 per cent - slightly limited ability to work (in group P ,5.4;20; and 29 per cent respectively). It may be concluded that significant health troubles (all the more those less serious) do not necessarily constitute a sufficient excuse for renouncing professional activity (not in every case at any rate). The fact should however be taken into consideration that excessive drinking frequently found in the cases of persons evading work and the possible organic background of psychopathic personality disorders many of them are suffering from, may disturb their proper attitude towards work and constitute a relative premise to recognize their ability to work to be lowered, particularly if work is interpreted as a permanent employment.             The level of intelligence fails to differentiate the examined groups if  their level of education is taken into account.             As regards psychological variables, the element which particularly differentiates the two examined groups is a specific type of attitude towards values and ones own development which renders it impossible to define explicitly the probable future course of  behaviour. This type of attitude is found most frequently in those who do not work. Favourable attitudes, admittedly characteristic of the working persons (79.6 per cent), can nevertheless also be found in these evading work (47.3 per cent). Also the fact seems worthy of attention that explicitly negative attitudes occur with a similar frequency in both of the examined groups (P-9.7; NP - 14 per cent).             Besides the general description of the traits that characterized persons who evade work, also the relations between the separate properties seem even more important as they provide information about the coexistence of various phenomena thus making it possible to draw more or less correct conclusions as to the causality of various kinds of behaviour.             In one study, an attempt was made to follow about 40 types of mutual conditions of the analyzed traits. Using statistical measures of dependence between the variables in two cases a very high, in 7 cases-high, and in 15 cases-an average level of the strength of correlation between variables was found.             The most strongly correlated phenomena are those of destabilization and crime on the one hand, and of excessive drinking and the state of mental health on the other hand. A high level of correlation can be found first or all between professional destabilization and excessive drinking, and between the state of mental health and professional destabilization. Instead some of the expected interdependences were not confirmed. There are among them the relation between professional destabilization and the state of somatic health, excessive drinking and the state of somatic health, early educational problems and professional destabilization.             To sum up the above random data, it may be stated that persons who evade work greatly "outpace" those who are employed as regards all of the negative aspects analyzed in the study, this difference being only too evident regarding the. particularly pathological types of behaviour such as crime and excessive drinking. This concerns first and foremost the central issue of professional destabilization. The group of persons who evade work is greatly differentiated in many respects and one can hardly apply towards these persons identical diagnostic and prognostic criteria. There is no doubt, however, that when intending to shape a proper attitude towards work, one should focus ones attention on four planes of the individual's life situation. They are: the family and school milieu, the individual's own vision of his professional activity, the working environment interpreted as the sum of chances and limitations of human activity, and disfunctional behaviour (crime and excessive drinking). In our opinion, also other reference systems should not be left out of account, which undoubtedly play important part in the individuals shaping of his vision of professional activity.
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