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EN
Energy security is an extremely important area of every country’s activity. The management of the energy sector affects immediate functioning of the entire economy, and further the state of the natural environment. After Poland’s integration with the European Union, our country had to comply with the Community regulations. The constantly growing interdependence between states is an extremely important tendency of modern civilization. Oil and gas resources are declining, but the demand for these raw materials is not diminishing. It is estimated that there will be enough coal for some time, but burning all its resources would be a huge burden for the environment, because in this way global greenhouse gas emissions would increase even more.
EN
As the main tasks of the 18th-century Russian medicine were the support of the army and navy, and the protection of the empire from massive diseases, the regular research of local medical phenomena and resources was not clearly distinguished. The present paper attempts to reveal the ways in which medical knowledge was produced and communicated on the example of crude oil exploration by a Prussian physician in Russian service, Johann Jacob Lerche (1708–1780). Despite the fact that both his wide-ranging medical activities in different areas of the Russian empire and his extensive written heritage drew only fragmentary attention from scholars, they reflect the physician’s expertise in the research of naturalia which he manifested while performing his professional duties. Crude oil was one of the most remarkable mineral wonders of the Pre-Caspian region which Lerche visited twice (1732–1735, 1745–1747). On the basis of his three published accounts, which contain information on petroleum qualities and its practical application, the author investigates how the Baku crude oil, a natural object, was reinvented as a medical resource by an 18th-century state physician in the Russian empire. It is done through the consideration of the processes of world discoveries in the Age of Enlightenment, and the indigenous practices of the oil use. Finally, the significance of the author’s professional position as a state physician appears to have influenced the argumentation of curative qualities of petroleum and the advantages of its location.
EN
Hydrocarbons belong to the compounds most occurring in surface waters and groundwater. The presence of petroleum compounds in such waters brings significant changes to their physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics even at very low concentrations, like 0.01 g/m3. Petroleum compounds significantly affect living organisms. Pollution of these components is dangerous for biological life due to the formation of films and an emulsified layer that shuts off atmospheric oxygen. The dissolved compounds and heavier fractions are toxic and insoluble in both water and sediment. The purpose of this study was to make a preliminary analysis of purified flowing water with petroleum pollutants of an industrial origin. In order to attain this objective, the centrifugation speed, centrifugation time, centrifugation temperature and the addition of silica sand in different concentrations were measured. The identification and quantitative determination of petroleum compounds was made by fluorescent analysis.
PL
Węglowodory należą do związków najliczniej występujących w wodach powierzchniowych oraz gruntowych. Obecność złożonych związków ropopochodnych w wodach wywołuje istotne zmiany jej cech fizykochemicznych oraz organoleptycznych już przy bardzo niskich stężeniach rzędu 0,01 g/m3. Związki ropopochodne należą do związków istotnie wpływających negatywnie na organizmy żywe. Zanieczyszczenie tymi składnikami jest niebezpieczne dla życia biologicznego na skutek tworzenia powierzchniowych i zemulgowanych warstw odcinających dopływ tlenu atmosferycznego, a także sedymentacji cięższych frakcji nierozpuszczalnych w wodzie oraz toksycznego oddziaływania związków rozpuszczonych. Celem niniejszego badania było przeprowadzenie wstępnej analizy nad oczyszczaniem wód płynących z zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych pochodzenia przemysłowego. W celu osiągnięcia zamierzonego celu zbadano wpływ prędkości, czasu i temperatury wirowania oraz dodatku piasku krzemowego w różnych stężeniach. Identyfikację i oznaczenia ilościowe związków ropopochodnych dokonano za pomocą analizy fluorescencyjnej.
EN
A paper entitled Energy resources of post-soviet Central Asia: reserves, production, energy policy covers topics that refer to production and transport of the petrol and natural gas through the so called “Asian five” states. Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are over-regional leaders in the production of petroleum and natural gas. New natural resources reserves has been also discovered in Tajikistan and Kirgizstan. The post-soviet states of Central Asia are making an effort to raise their shares in the global petrol market however their abilities are limited by the Russian Federation`s position in the global market, corruption and nepotism. Only the overcoming of this negative tendencies might lead to positive change of the perception, as the region countries will be perceived as a key players in the petroleum and natural gas export.
RU
Публикация Энергетическоесырье постсоветской Центральной Азии: ресур- сы, производство, энергетическая политика охватывает своим содержанием проблемы, связанные с производством, транспортировкой нефти и природ- ного газа государствами «азиатской пятерки». Туркменистан, Узбекистан, Казахстан – это надрегиональные лидеры в производстве нефти и природного газа. Новые залежи энергетического сырья открыли также в Киргизии и Таджикистане. Постсоветские страны Средней Азии стараются последо- вательно увеличивать свое участие в глобальном топливном рынке. Их воз- можности однако ограничиваются позицией, которую занимает на мировом рынке топливо Российскую Федерация, низким уровнем безопасности, чрез- мерной коррупцией и непотизмом. Только преодоление этих отрицательных тенденций может привести к позитивным изменениям в восприятии этих государств как ключевых нефтяных экспортеров нефти и природного газа.
EN
Energy security is a key component of national security. It’s really hard to formulate correct construction of the strategic culture, political strategy, without considering this crucial component. Thus, especially important factors that shape Polish security policy should be mentioned: diversification of energy links and resources, adaptation of country`s technical infrastructure to modern petrol market requirements, bilateral and multilateral agreements covering energy security problems. The Russian factor plays an important role in the Polish energy security policy. Bilateral relations within energy sector have repercussions on Polish energy security and the foreign policy. It also has an impact on the Poland`s internal politics, thus should be considered as crucial for Polish national interest.
RU
Энергетическая безопасность государства является одним из ключевых компонентов национальной безопасности. Трудно сформулировать правильное построение стратегической культуры, политической стратегии, не принимая во внимание чрезвычайно важный компонент. Следовательно, особенно важные факторы, влияющие на политику безопасности польского государства следует считать: диверсификация энергетических связей, источники природного газа и сырой нефти, выравнивания технической инфраструк туры к требованиям современного рынка топлива, двусторонних и многосторонних соглашений, охватывающих свои проблемы содержания энергетической безопасности. Особую роль в политике польской безопасности играет российский фактор. Взаимные отношения в энергетическом секторе посягают на безопасность энергетики нашей страны, внешней политики государства. Они также играют важную роль во внутренней политике. В связи с этим необходимо учитывать решающее значение для польских националных интересов.
EN
A paper entitled Energy resources of post-soviet Central Asia: reserves, production, energy policy covers topics that refer to production and transport of the petrol and natural gas through the so called “Asian five” states. Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are over-regional leaders in the production of petroleum and natural gas. New natural resources reserves has been also discovered in Tajikistan and Kirgizstan. The post-soviet states of Central Asia are making an effort to raise their shares in the global petrol market however their abilities are limited by the Russian Federation`s position in the global market, corruption and nepotism. Only the overcoming of this negative tendencies might lead to positive change of the perception, as the region countries will be perceived as a key players in the petroleum and natural gas export.
RU
Публикация энергетические Сырье постсоветской Центральной Азии: запа- сы, производство, энергетическая политика охватывает своим содержанием проблемы сродненные с производством, пжесылэм нефти и земляного газа через государства «азиатской пятерки». Туркменистан, Узбекистан, Казах- стан это надрегиональный лидеры в производстве нефти и земляного газа. Новые залежи энергетических сырье открыли также в Киргизии и Таджики- стане. Вас пространство постсоветской Средней Азии стараются последова- тельный увеличивать свое участие в глобальном рынке горючее. Их возмож- ности однако ущемлены позицией занимать на глобальном рынке горючее Российскую Федерацией, низким уровнем безопасности, чрезмерную кор- рупцией и непотизмом. Только преодолеть этих отрицательных тенденций может принести за плечами выгодное изменение во воспринимании этих го- сударств ключевых нефтяных экспортеров и земляного газа.
EN
The extraction of minerals, including fossil fuels, is a licensed activity. In the case of strategic fossil fuels owned by the state, such as hard coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, a license is issued by the minister responsible for the environment. The minister also signs a mining lease agreement, that is the right to use a mining area, with the entity to which they grant the licence. In the case of resources that are not covered by mining lease, but are subject to land property ownership, such as rock or peat, the licensing authority is the staroste or voivodship governor (depending on the area of the deposit or the volume of the mineral to be extracted). The licensing procedure requires the preparation and completion of extensive documentation presenting the interested entity and the activity it is going to undertake. In the case of licences granted by the minister or governor, the submitted documentation is required to contain a de-posit development plan. The licensing procedure consists in examining the license application along with the attached documentation by the competent authority, as well as conducting arrangements with the interested institutions and supervisory authorities. Commencement of the licensing procedure for the extraction of coal or peat is not limited in time, whereas the granting of licences for the exploration, identification and extraction of hydrocarbon deposits begins only in the form of a time-limited tender. After the licence has been granted, the area covered by its provisions is entered in the register of mining areas. Licences are granted for a specified period of time. An important element to be included in their contents is indication of the requirements for conducting a business in a way that minimizes the negative impact on the environment.
PL
W dotychczasowych badaniach zmienności na rynkach towarowych brano pod uwagę dynamikę zmienności cen wybranych towarów lub analizowano przenoszenie się w czasie zmienności z jednych towarów na inne. W tym celu wykorzystywano standardowe modele zmienności. Obecnie w ramach przeprowadzanych badań gromadzi się różnorodne charakterystyki zmienności towarów i ich grup w celu skompletowania metodycznego zestawu narzędzi o większej precyzji prognostycznej. Niestabilność cen na rynkach surowców istotnie wpływa na efektywność sfery realnej gospodarki. Surowce nie tylko są wykorzystane w przemyśle, ale też cieszą się dużym zainteresowaniem inwestorów w okresach dekoniunktury gospodarczej, będąc przedmiotem spekulacji. Można zatem stwierdzić, że oddziaływanie zmienności cen surowców na ryzyko banku opiera się na mechanizmie bezpośrednim (poprzez ryzyko rynkowe) i pośrednim (poprzez ryzyko kredytowe). W artykule zaprezentowano oba ujęcia, przy czym ryzyko rynkowe zostało metodycznie uwypuklone. Odpowiednie wyselekcjonowanie narzędzi prognozowania oraz zastosowanie właściwych instrumentów zabezpieczających to elementy skutecznej polityki zabezpieczeń ryzyka, które kształtują zarówno ryzyko rynkowe (oddziaływanie bezpośrednie), jak i ryzyko kredytowe banków (ujęcie pośrednie).
EN
Price volatility in raw material markets significantly affects the efficiency of real economy. Raw materials are not only used in the industry but are also very popular in periods of economic downturn. An appropriate prognosis of price volatility in these markets and their adequate security ensured by means of financial instruments can be a basis for avoiding many financial perturbations of enterprises, and consequently of financial institutions. Financial institutions, including banks, are exposed to credit and market risk, through the absorption of a part of market risk in a direct (investments in raw materials, transaction services) and indirect way (providing credit to entities in commodity markets). Selection of these prognosis tools as well as appropriate instruments securing prices, hence hedging the risk from the financial market, are elements of the risk hedging policy in the real sphere, which has an effect on the credit risk and investment. The aim of the article is the bank’s risk assessment in the context of price volatility in commodity markets. At the same time, the research problem was raised that refers to the way in which the variability of prices and rates of return in the commodity market is reflected in the level of the bank’s risk. An analysis of the asymmetry effect and long memory in the modelling and prognosis of conditional volatility and market risk on the commodity market was conducted in the article, taking petroleum as an example. GARCH and FIAPARCH models were used for that purpose. The analysis of the in-sample and out-of-sample prognosis showed that the variation of rates of return for oil is better described by a non-linear model of the variation using a long memory and asymmetry effect.
EN
The article presents the issue of supplying the Mazowieckie Voivodeship with energy and fuels, including energy systems operating in the region, changes in the sector between 2010 and 2020 (shorter periods were used if data was not available) and the development plans, which are set in energy companies' plans and special energy acts: the Act of 24 April 2009 on the investments relating to the liquefied natural gas regasification terminal in Świnoujście (special gas act), the Act of 24 July 2015 on the preparation and implementation of strategic investments concerning transmission networks (special transmission act) and the Act of 22 February 2019 on the preparation and implementation of strategic investments in the petroleum sector (special petroleum act). The potential and the use of renewable energy sources were also presented. The analyses made it possible to indentify the main directions of energy development in Mazovia, which are coherent with the EU and Poland's climate and energy policy. The article uses data obtained for the needs of updating the development strategy of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship, prepared by Mazovian Office for Regional Planning in Warsaw (MBPR).
PL
W artykule omówiono problematykę zaopatrzenia województwa mazowieckiego w energię i paliwa, w tym systemy energetyczne funkcjonujące w regionie, a także przeanalizowano zmiany, które zaszły w przedmiotowym sektorze w latach 2010–2020 (w przypadku braku danych przyjęto krótsze okresy) oraz zamierzenia rozwojowe, określone w planach przedsiębiorstw energetycznych i tzw. specustawach energetycznych: ustawie z dnia 24 kwietnia 2009 r. o inwestycjach w zakresie terminalu regazyfikacyjnego skroplonego gazu ziemnego w Świnoujściu (specustawie gazowej), ustawie z dnia 24 lipca 2015 r. o przygotowaniu i realizacji strategicznych inwestycji w zakresie sieci przesyłowych (specustawie przesyłowej) oraz ustawie z dnia 22 lutego 2019 r. o przygotowaniu i realizacji strategicznych inwestycji w sektorze naftowym (specustawie naftowej). Przedstawiono również potencjał i wykorzystanie odnawialnych źródeł energii (OZE). Wykonane analizy pozwoliły na identyfikację przewidywanych głównych kierunków rozwoju sektora energetycznego na Mazowszu, spójnych z polityką klimatyczno-energetyczną UE i Polski. W artykule wykorzystano dane pozyskane na potrzeby aktualizacji strategii rozwoju województwa mazowieckiego, opracowanej przez Mazowieckie Biuro Planowania Regionalnego w Warszawie (MBPR).
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