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EN
The paper examines a collection of nineteenth-century photographs housed in the Iconographic Laboratory of the Special Collections Department of the University Library in Poznań. These unique photos were taken by Regierungsrat Meydenlender in 1887. Some additional prints of Meydenlender’s photos are also kept in the Museum of the City of Poznań. Illustrating the state of preservation of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Inowrocław, showing the then damage to its walls and alternations done to the church in the course of 1900–1902 reconstruction, the photographs provide a valuable source for any conservatory works. The article explores several issues related to this barely known photographic material.
PL
A standard belief as regards the conservation of architectural monuments in the 19thcentury is that the very idea of conservation was commonly accepted, while the monuments of the past were used to promote national identity. On the other hand, photography is also commonly considered a technology that was naturally predisposed to popularize those monuments and/or appropriate them as symbols. For those reasons, the photogrammetric documentation of some buildings from the region of Poznań, made by Albrecht Meydenbauer commissioned to do it by the Prussian government, could be classified as combination of conservation and nationalism, “typical” of the late 19thcentury. However, the author proposes another interpretation and claims that such events were not necessarily “realizations” of “widespread” ideas of identity building. Referring to the generative model of identity building developed by Friedrik Barth, she analyzes how specific situations and meanings were gradually generated through the interaction of actors who attempted to reach their goals and values by available means. The introduction and popularization of Meydenbauer’s invention is presented in the paper with reference to Bruno Latour’s research on the development and implementation of innovations in science. In such a context, photogrammetry turns out to have been a result of seeking support by business, i.e. the mobilization of resources, while the national discourse was used for that purpose as one of the available means.
EN
Three-dimensional recording techniques, although growing rapidly in efficiency and applicability for archaeologists, have still not been turned to full account, mainly because they require for the most part expensive equipment and know-how. In this respect, photogrammetry is unique, being relatively cheap and easy to use. The joint Armenian–Polish archaeological project in Metsamor drew on the possibilities of this technology, which is relatively new to archaeological proceedings, in the daily recording system used at the site. The following article discusses the step-by-step application of photogrammetry in field documentation and its positive impact on archaeological work, Metsamor being taken as a case in point.
PL
Artykuł powstał w wyniku prac w ramach programu „Badania przekształceń konserwatorskich w architekturze opactw cysterskich na Śląsku przy zastosowaniu nowoczesnych technologii cyfrowych”. Zebrane podczas wyjazdu do pałacu dawnego opata i klasztoru cysterskiego w Rudach Raciborskich materiały inwentaryzacyjne zostały opracowane przy użyciu komputerowego oprogramowania 123D Catch. Przedmiotem badań zostały elementy wyżej wymienionego zespołu, m.in. słupek ogrodzenia, elewacja północno-zachodnia zespołu pałacu opackiego oraz elewacje dziedzińca tegoż pałacu. Celem prac jest znalezienie odpowiednich metod fotogrametrycznych, niewymagających specjalistycznego sprzętu oraz sprawdzenie efektywności wybranego z nich pod kątem możliwości wykonywania inwentaryzacji. W artykule przedstawiono pozytywne i negatywne wyniki przeprowadzonych prób. Wybrane oprogramowanie wymaga dalszych studiów w celu określenia możliwości pełnego wykorzystania go w badaniach fotogrametrycznych.
EN
This article is a result of the work of the research program of transformation conservation research in architecture Cistercian abbeys in Silesia using modern digital technology. Gathered as part of trip to the palace of the former abbot and Cistercian monastery in Rudy Raciborskie materials inventory were developed using computer software 123D Catch. The object of the study were elements of the above-mentioned band, including fence post, elevation north-western band abbey and the palace courtyard facades of that palace. The aim of the work is an attempt to find suitable photogrammetric methods, which do not require specialized equipment and check the effectiveness of the chosen one in terms of ability to perform an inventory. The study contains as positive and also negative results. Selected software requires further investigation for the possibility of some use it in photogrammetric surveys.
EN
Archaeology is a visually rich discipline with a long history of utilising images across a variety of contexts within its practice. However, due to the often unavoidably subjective nature of visual interpretation, fundamental issues with its application remain problematic and largely unresolved. Furthermore, in recent years the rising dominance of digital techniques for archaeological threedimensional surveys and interpretive visualisation has resulted in a rapid uptake of emerging technologies without adequate assessment of their impact on the interpretive process and practitioner engagement. Using an example from experimental work in Orkney as a springboard for discussion this paper outlines the need for the field to develop a more practical approach to addressing some of these recurring issues by developing methodologies which more accurately reflect the multi-layered, interpretive and ambiguous processes involved in archaeological interpretation.
PL
Artykuł stanowi opis kluczowych problemów badawczych dotyczących tzw. portalu ołbińskiego z kościoła pw. św. Marii Magdaleny we Wrocławiu, pierwotnie pochodzącego z opactwa na Ołbinie. Portal jest bez wątpienia jednym z najważniejszych dzieł romańskiej rzeźby architektonicznej w tej części Europy. Jego pierwotna forma pozostaje jednak nieznana – obecna stanowi wynik XVI-wiecznego zabiegu osadzenia portalu w nowym miejscu, po kasacie i zburzeniu opactwa. Do celów inwentaryzacyjnych autor stworzył fotogrametryczny model 3D portalu, stanowiący również podstawę późniejszych rozważań. Praca zawiera przeprowadzoną przez autora analizę ikonografii oraz obecnego stanu portalu, wraz z płynącymi z nich wnioskami dotyczącymi datowania jego poszczególnych elementów. Na tej podstawie powstała ilustracja całościowego rozwarstwienia kolejnych faz budowlanych portalu. Podjęta została również próba lepszego zrozumienia programu ikonograficznego dzieła oraz zwrócenia uwagi na niepomijalne problemy interpretacyjne, wynikające przede wszystkim ze zniszczeń, jakich portal doznał w wyniku dostosowywania go do wmurowania w ścianę kościoła Marii Magdaleny w 1546 r. Praca zwraca uwagę na wiele nierozwiązanych do tej pory problemów badawczych, takich jak identyfikacja postaci rzeźbionych w węgarach czy pierwotna forma kapiteli zewnętrznych kolumn, oraz na pewne przyjęte w dotychczasowej literaturze przedmiotu przeoczenia dotyczące głównie efektów XIX-wiecznych zabiegów konserwatorskich.
EN
The article outlines the key research problems concerning the so-called Ołbiński Portal from the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Wrocław, originally from the Abbey in Ołbin. The portal is undoubtedly one of the most important works of Romanesque architectural sculpture in this part of Europe. Its original form, however, remains unknown – the present one is the result of the 16th century process of embedding the portal in a new place, after the suppression and demolition of the abbey. For inventory purposes, the author created a photogrammetric 3D model of the portal, which is also the basis for later considerations. The work contains the author’s analysis of the iconography and the present state of the portal, together with conclusions concerning the dating of its individual elements. On this basis, an illustration of the overall stratification of the consecutive construction phases of the portal was created. An attempt is also made to better understand the iconographic program of the work and to draw attention to unnoticed problems of interpretation, resulting mainly from the damage of the portal suffered as a result of being adapted in order to be built into the wall of the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in 1546. The work draws attention to a number of research problems which have not been solved so far.
EN
The El Fuerte de Samaipata site inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List presents a pre-Columbian, multicultural history on the surface of a big sandstone rock. There are several ways of creating precise, high-resolution documentation of this rock, including classic geodetic surveys, modern high-definition surveying (terrestrial laser scanning), and close-range photogrammetry. Close-range photogrammetry is a low cost technique, and the detailed RGB documentation provided by it aids architectural and archaeological research.This paper presents the results of the application of close-range photogrammetry in different light bands (visual, infrared, and thermal). Sony ILCE-7RM2, Parrot Sequoia, and Flir Tau2 cameras were used. The authors obtained over 50 thousand images and over 27 thousand multispectral images (multiplied by four bands, which gave over 100 thousand single band images). The multispectral and thermal data enabled risk maps to be created for conservation purposes.
PL
Wpisane na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO El Fuerte de Samaipata jest świadectwem bogatej, wielokulturowej, prekolumbijskiej historii rzeźbienia tej wielkiej piaskowcowej skały. Opisano zastosowanie wielu sposobów precyzyjnej dokumentacji całej skały, w tym klasyczne metody geodezyjne, nowoczesne pomiary w wysokiej rozdzielczości (naziemne skanowanie laserowe) i fotogrametrię bliskiego zasięgu. Fotogrametria bliskiego zasięgu jest techniką niskokosztową, a dostarczona przez nią szczegółowa dokumentacja RGB pomaga w badaniach architektonicznych i archeologicznych.W artykule przedstawiono wyniki zastosowania fotogrametrii bliskiego zasięgu w różnych pasmach promieniowania elektromagnetycznego ( widzialnym, podczerwonym i termicznym). Zastosowano kamery Sony ILCE-7RM2, Parrot Sequoia i Flir Tau2. Autorzy zebrali ponad 50 tysięcy obrazów RGB i ponad 27 tysięcy obrazów multispektralnych, co pomnożone przez cztery rejestrowane pasma dało w sumie ponad 100 tysięcy pojedynczych obrazów do przetworzenia. Dane multispektralne i termiczne były szczególnie przydatne przy opracowaniu map ryzyka w celach konserwatorskich.
EN
The shipwreck F53.26 was discovered in 2010 by employees of the Maritime Office in Gdynia. The object is located 4.5 metres deep in the Westerplatte area, 101 metres from the current coastline. It is located a short distance of 11 metres to the northwest of the F53.18 shipwreck. Preliminary research of the object was carried out by archaeologists from NMM in 2010 and 2011. During three research seasons in 2017–2019, a detailed inventory of the shipwreck was made using photogrammetric 3D documentation as part of the project ‘Wirtualny Skansen Wraków Zatoki Gdańskiej’ (‘Virtual Open-Air Museum of the Gdańsk Bay Shipwrecks’). This documentation, created during all three seasons, was finally combined into one 3D model using the GeomagicWrap program. This model shows the entire exposed structure of the wreck with processed sandstone pieces within it. As a result of the research, the bottom part of a flat-bottomed boat with a spindlelike shape, 14 metres long and 2.35 metres wide, was identified. The bottom of the wreck consists of five pine staves, 10 cm thick and 46 to 51 cm wide. The elements of the transverse stiffening are oak floors spaced every 18–20 cm, 13–19 cm wide and 9–11 cm thick. On the floors there are partially preserved internal formwork staves, 30–45 cm wide. A 32–44 cm wide and 6–7 cm thick keelson runs through the longitudinal symmetry axis of the wreck, preserved at the length of 12.5 metres, with a grooved mast socket 3 cm deep. On both sides of the bottom part of the wreck, fragments of the sides in the form of single oak staves have been preserved. On the wreckage structure and in its immediate vicinity there are at least 45 sandstone stones in the shape of low cylinders with a diameter of 40 cm to 140 cm. They constitute a cargo which can be interpreted as quernstone blanks. The regions of Germany or France were indicated as potential sources of these stones. On the wreckage seven lead ingots in the shape of oblong loaves with heart-shaped marks were discovered and lifted. The ingots have a length of 795 to 820 mm and a weight of 57.450 kg to 62.750 kg. Fourteen samples were taken from the wreck's hull for dendrochronological examination. Three samples were obtained from pine elements and eleven samples from oak elements. Absolute dates were obtained for three oak samples, and one of them contained sapwood. Based on this it was established that the tree was felled in 1632 and the ship was built shortly after that year. It was also determined that the oak wood used for the construction of the vessel comes from the region of Gdańsk Pomerania. This indicates that in the case of the shipwreck in question we deal with the remains of locally produced means of water transport. The analysis of the boat structure and nature of its cargo indicates that in the case of the F53.26 shipwreck, we are dealing with the bordyna type vessel remains. It was a flat-bottomed watercraft used for loading and unloading seagoing ships which could not be dealt with in the port of Gdańsk due to excessive draught. The tonnage (load capacity) of the vessel can be roughly estimated at about 60 – 80 lasts. Which indicates that the vessel belonged to the first class, i.e. the largest bordynas used for transhipment in the port of Gdańsk and its roadstead.
EN
Introduction: One of the most common postural defects occurring both in children and adults is scoliosis. Scoliosis, a three dimensional curvature of the spine, is also associated with changes in other parts of the body, for example the pelvis, the chest and many internal organs. The aim of this study was to analyze the posture of people with scoliosis, including an evaluation of the tilt of the trunk in the sagittal plane and the position of selected segments of the musculoskeletal system. Material and Methods: The study included 52 people who were divided into two groups. The control group consisted of 26 people who did not have scoliosis. The average age of the group was 34 years. The study group also consisted of 26 people. The average age in this group was 37 years, and it is to this group that the people with scoliosis were assigned The degree of scoliosis, determined measuring the Cobb angle, was between 12° and 17°. The method used to assess the spatial position of the body segments was the photogrammetric method. Results: The control group achieved signifi cantly higher scores than the study group when the position of the trunk in the sagittal plane was determined. Conversely, when the rotation of the torso was measured the average score of the research group was higher than that of the control group. The direction of bending of the thorax in the study group showed no connection to the setting of the head and shoulders in the frontal plane. In the same group the direction of bending of the spine in the lumbar section was not related to the position of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Conclusion: Changes in body posture are one of the main consequences of idiopathic scoliosis. Photogrammetry is a method that enables the whole body posture of people with idiopathic scoliosis to be assessed. After the research it was found that people with scoliosis have a higher inclination to the front trunk than people without the condition. Additionally, rotation of the shoulder and pelvic girdle was also detected in patients with scoliosis.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Jedną z najczęstszych wad postawy, która występuje zarówno u dzieci, jak i u dorosłych jest skolioza. Jako trójpłaszczyznowe skrzywienie kręgosłupa, wiąże się ona ze zmianami innych części ciała: miednicy, klatki piersiowej oraz wielu narządów wewnętrznych. Celem pracy jest analiza postawy ciała osób ze skoliozą z uwzględnieniem oceny pochylenia tułowia w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej oraz położenia wybranych segmentów narządu ruchu. Materiał i metody: Grupa badana składała się z 26 osób ze skoliozą dwułukową (średnia wieku 37 lat). Grupę kontrolną również stanowiło 26 osób, u których nie stwierdzono trójpłaszczyznowego skrzywienia kręgosłupa (średni wiek 34 lata). Wielkość skoliozy, określana wartością kąta Cobba, mieściła się w przedziale 12–17°. Metodą, która została wykorzystana do oceny przestrzennego położenia wybranych segmentów ciała, była fotogrametria. Wyniki: Grupa kontrolna uzyskała istotnie wyższe średnie wyniki niż grupa badana w zakresie zmiennej określającej położenie tułowia w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej. Ponadto grupa badana uzyskała wyższe niż grupa kontrolna wyniki średnie w zakresie zmiennej odpowiadającej rotacji tułowia. W grupie badanej kierunek wygięcia w odcinku piersiowym nie wykazuje związku z ustawieniem głowy i barków w płaszczyźnie czołowej; w tej samej grupie kierunek wygięcia kręgosłupa w odcinku lędźwiowym nie ma związku z położeniem miednicy w płaszczyźnie czołowej. Wnioski: Zmiany postawy ciała są jedną z głównych konsekwencji skoliozy idiopatycznej, a fotogrametria jest metodą umożliwiającą ocenę postawy całego ciała osób z tym rodzajem skoliozy. Po przeprowadzonych badaniach stwierdzono, że u osób ze skoliozą występuje większe pochylenie tułowia do przodu niż u osób zdrowych. U pacjentów ze skoliozą wykazano także występowanie rotacji obręczy barkowej i miednicznej.
EN
The first aerial survey conducted within the vicinity of the ancient city of Metsamor and its cemetery detected several promising anomalies in the aerial photos and processed images within and beyond the known limits of the burial ground. The survey results are discussed in this article along with a brief outline of the burial types found in this cemetery.
EN
Today we are seeing significant technological progress in the context of imitating reality. One technology which emulates our reality in comprehensive way is photogrammetry. The aim of the article is to illustrate the using of photogrammetry in the context of video games. The main part of the text is an analysis of The Vanishing of Ethan Carter (The Astronauts, 2015). The authors of this video game decided to apply photogrammetry in order to display vast spaces in which an avatar is moving. I indicate that such an implementation not only creates a reliable illusion of reality, but also crucially affects video games’ poetics and narration.
PL
Today we are seeing significant technological progress in the context of imitating reality. One technology which emulates our reality in comprehensive way is photogrammetry. The aim of the article is to illustrate the using of photogrammetry in the context of video games. The main part of the text is an analysis of The Vanishing of Ethan Carter (The Astronauts, 2015). The authors of this video game decided to apply photogrammetry in order to display vast spaces in which an avatar is moving. I indicate that such an implementation not only creates a reliable illusion of reality, but also crucially affects video games’ poetics and narration.
EN
New spatial data collection methods such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Kite Aerial Photography (KAP), close range photogrammetry and laser scanning provide numer - ous opportunities for archaeological research documentation. Since the year 2009, the archaeological research cov - ered by the Czech Institute of Egyptology has been situated in the area of the 6th Nile cataract – near the Sabaloka game reserve (the Republic of the North Sudan). The past expedi - tions employed traditional ways of surveying the archae - ological sites in creating archaeological maps and in other types of research. In the 2014 season, the KAP and close range photogrammetry methods were applied at several archaeological sites in order to make a comprehensive database enabling the study of the sites in the virtual environment. The Sphinx locality (SBK.W-60) presented in this paper is completely covered with spatial data of different scales (the whole locality, occupation terrace, sound ings and details of discovered features) – surveyed points, orthophotos and digital terrain models derived from KAP and close range photogrammetry. All of the created 3D models are accessible online at https://sketchfab.com/jan.pacina/folders.
PL
Obecnie badacze mają liczne wątpliwości odnośnie do historii kształtowania zespołu pałacowo-parkowego w Otwocku Wielkim. Aby potwierdzić lub odwołać narosłe w powojennej literaturze hipotezy, konieczne są kompleksowe badania. Z różnych względów – merytorycznych i praktycznych – najkorzystniejsze będzie przeprowadzenie w pierwszej kolejności badań nieinwazyjnych przy zastosowaniu współczesnych technik pomiarowych: grawimetrii, fotogrametrii i innych pomocniczych. Nie ma pewności, czy domniemany, istniejący tu pierwotnie dwór, a później pałac, został w całości podpiwniczony i czy między piwnicami na całej ich długości była komunikacja, której brak było między budynkami na powierzchni. Piwnice dostępne są tylko w pewnym zakresie, bowiem po II wojnie światowej nigdy ich nie odkopano, a z racji kosztów oraz z powodu podmokłych gruntów bardzo trudno przeprowadzić w tym miejscu badania metodami wykopaliskowymi. Pałac jest zarówno na ścianach wewnętrznych, jak i zewnętrznych otynkowany, co utrudnia badanie murów granicznych, a także w punktach stycznych (określenie ich grubości, warstw i przebiegu), jak również otworów i przewodów kominowych. Teren zielony wokół pałacu na wyspie oraz poza nią nie był dotąd przed¬miotem badań. Poza dostarczeniem konkretnych informacji umożliwiających wyjaśnienie historii powstawania i atrybucji zabytków, wobec braku dokumentacji archiwalnej, podjęte prace posłużą jako przykład możliwości wykorzystania metod nieinwazyjnych, którymi dotąd rzadko posługiwali się konserwatorzy, a jeszcze rzadziej badacze architektury. Wyniki tych badań być może zrewolucjonizują wyobrażenia o pałacu w Otwocku Wielkim.
EN
At present, researchers have numerous doubts about the history of shaping of the palace and park complex in Otwock Wielki. In order to confirm or revoke hypotheses developed in post-war literature, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive research. For various reasons – both substantive and practical – it will be most beneficial to con¬duct non-invasive tests first, using modern measurement techniques: gravimetry, photogrammetry and other auxiliary techniques. It is not certain whether the allegedly existing original manor house, and later the palace, had a full basement and whether there were passageways between the basements along their entire length, which did not exist between the buildings on the surface. The basements are accessible only to a certain extent, because after World War II they were never excavated, and due to the costs and wetlands it is very difficult to carry out excavation in this place. The palace is plastered on both internal and external walls, which makes it difficult to examine the boundary walls, as well as contact points (determining their thickness, layers and course), as well as openings and chimney flues. The green area around the palace, both on and off the island, has not yet been researched. In addition to providing concrete information to explain the history of the creation and attribution of monuments, in the absence of archival documentation, the works undertaken will serve as an example of the possibility of using non-invasive methods, which until now have rarely been used by conservators and even less frequently by architectural researchers. The results of this research may revolutionize the idea about the palace in Otwock Wielki.
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