Wide-scale application photovoltaic energy sources for electricity production purposes is quite a challenge in Slovenia. The nature of sun is unpredictable, and the Slovenian National Grid has no significant storage opportunities today - if the V2G (vehicle-to-grid) solutions could be competitive in the near future we could prepare for the special circumstances: the batteries of electrically driven forklifts could provide attractive storage functions for renewable electricity storage. The following paper presents an overview of some "environmental background approaches" to show the complexity of this innovative system and to show the value of V2G technology and its application in warehouse logistics.
The aim of this paper is to present the changes taking place in the labour market in the renewable energy sector in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic and to show the opportunities and threats for this sector as a result of the changes taking place. Therefore, the factors shaping employment in the renewable energy sector, global employment in the sector and the role of the value chain in shaping the local labour market were analysed on the ex-ample of photovoltaics. Basic methods of descriptive statistics were used for this purpose. A SWOT analysis for the renewable energy market in the context of COVID-19 considerations was also carried out.
For the last couple of years it has been time of dynamic growth of renewable energy in the global market, and photovoltaics in particular. This development is fueled by the extraordinary plummet of PV production costs, increasing economies of scale and the introduction of support systems for renewable energy sources in many countries worldwide. Poland in the light of PV world market is still at the beginning of the development path mostly due to low nominal prices of electricity. Current efficiency of PV panels and their prices, coupled with the new renewable energy act in Poland, let the energy consumers (prosumers) unprecedentedly and economically produce electricity for their own purposes without subsidies, under certain conditions (so called grid parity). The goal of the paper is to measure the levels of profitability of the PV power plant with 5 kW capacity for residential customers in Poland (households in C11 and C12 tariffs) in thirty three largest electricity distribution regions. The paper answers the question, where and under which conditions in Poland the production of electricity from PV is economically viable, provided that all the energy is used for the own consumption of customers. The methodology of the work is based on the standard model of cash flow for an investment project for building a PV installation, where revenues are avoided costs of purchase and distribution of electricity, thanks to 100% electricity production from PV for the own purposes of the customer. As costs in turn the insurance of the PV and operation and maintenance were assumed. Profitability of PV is expressed as the internal rate of return IRR. Based on the calculation, the conclusion has been formulated that investing 1 440 PLN/kW of PV CAPEX (capital expenditures), most of the electricity regions benefit from profitable 5 kW PV investments, provided that all the electricity produced in PV is used for own purposes of the customer. Best IRRs appear in lubelski region, with 9,8% IRR and distribution system operator (DSO) of ENERGA at G12 tariff – 8-9% IRR. The only region with low profitability turned out to be DSO RWE Polska in Warsaw city, with IRR values not higher than 6%. Not sufficient values of IRR show up as well at G11 tariff for DSO Enea, for Gliwice region at DSO Tauron and for Łódź city at DSO PGE. The only one difficult condition to meet for a customer is a necessity to consume all the energy from PV for its own purposes. It is a tough task taking into account an average household energy consumption due to the fact that in most cases the consumption is relatively low during the day period. Thus, in sake of optimization, there is a need to choose such households which consumption profile suits best to the production profile of PV (or there is a need to lower the PV capacity to 2-3 kW, so that PV would produce all the energy for own purposes of the owner). In order for meeting this requirement, large houses will be taken into account, with above average consumption of electricity, possessing many household appliances, which work is necessary to properly run a household during the day. To sum up, PV micro installations may be profitable already today without a subsidy system, provided that they are installed in large houses with above average electricity consumption. This tendency is going to be strengthened over time also for average houses, together with improving PV technology. This in turn will cause capital expenditures’ decrease for unit installed, together with rising electricity costs for households in long term perspective on the market.
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące badań ogniw fotowoltaicznych oraz wpływu natężenia światła oraz temperatury otoczenia na generowane napięcie i natężenie z fotoogniw. W badaniu wykorzystano komercyjne ogniwo fotowoltaiczne i innowacyjną fotowoltaiczną szybę zespoloną.
EN
The article discusses issues related to photovoltaic cell research and the influence of various factors such as light intensity and ambient temperature on generated voltage and photovoltaic current. During the research traditional and the innovative photovoltaic cell has been used.
The aim of the article is to explore the managerial practices that enable capitalizing on the critical instability during an on-going transition period in the life-cycle of an industry. The investigation followed a qualitative approach using a field-based case study method and a longitudinal design. Multiple data collection methods were adopted to reduce a systematic bias in the gathered data and to develop the case, shaped by the context and emergent data. The gathered rich data enabled the confrontation of industry transformation signals with the strategic maneuvering exhibited by the investigated firm. Observed options involved imitating, repositioning, exiting or entering. The study is a part of a larger project financed by National Science Centre of Poland (NCN) – 2013/11/D/HS4/03965.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie praktyk menedżerskich, które umożliwiają tworzenie i zatrzymywanie wartości w okresie przejściowym w cyklu życia branży. Badania miały charakter podłużny, przeprowadzono je zgodnie z podejściem jakościowym za pomocą metody studium przypadku. Zastosowano zróżnicowane spektrum metod gromadzenia danych, aby zminimalizować ryzyko błędów systematycznych i jednocześnie opracować przypadek, kształtowany przez kontekst i pojawiające się w trakcie realizacji procesu badawczego dane. Zgromadzony materiał empiryczny umożliwił konfrontację sygnałów zmian w dynamice rozwoju branży z wyborami strategicznymi dokonywanymi przez badaną firmę. Obserwowane opcje działań polegały na naśladowaniu, repozycjonowaniu, wychodzeniu lub wchodzeniu do pokrewnych branż. Badanie jest częścią większego projektu finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki (NCN) – 2013/11/D/HS4/03965.
W pracy przedstawiono założenia metodyczne szacowania potencjału energii słonecznej w Warszawie. Symulacje GIS wykonano na podstawie uproszczonego, trójwymiarowego modelu zabudowy. Główną część obliczeń przeprowadzono dzięki otwartoźródłowemu modułowi r.sun dedykowanemu dla środowiska GRASS-GIS 6.4. Po pozytywnej weryfikacji symulacji testowych ze zdjęciami lotniczymi przystąpiono do stworzenia procedur automatyzacyjnych, które pozwoliły na skrócenie czasu obliczeń. Symulacje przeprowadzono z rozdzielczością 1 m2 dla obszaru ponad 517 km2, na klastrach obliczeniowych uruchamianych w środowisku GNU/Linux. W celu ograniczenia rozmiaru bazy danych rezultaty symulacji dla każdej godziny w roku ograniczono do powierzchni dachów budynków stosując binarną reklasyfikację danych (tj. 0 – obszar zacieniony, 1 – obszar nasłoneczniony). Syntetyczne warunki atmosferyczne parametrów insolacyjnych dla każdej godziny w roku uwzględniano w obliczeniach wartości promieniowania bezpośredniego, rozproszonego i całkowitego dla obszarów nasłonecznionych i zacienionych. Uzyskane wartości stanowiły następnie informację wejściową dla pozostałych modułów udostępnionego on-line kalkulatora energetycznego oceniającego potencjalną produkcję energii, wpływ inwestycji na środowisko oraz efekty ekonomiczne.
EN
This research shows the methodological assumptions related to estimating solar energy potential in Warsaw. All calculations were performed with the use of an open-source “r.sun” model available within the GRASS-GIS 6.4. software. Introductory simulations were validated against airborne images confirming the high quality of model calibration against astronomical and simplified 3D model of buildings in Warsaw. Subsequent automation procedures were created for the GNU/Linux supercomputing clusters in order to reduce computation time. To limit the final size of the database, results for the area of 517,000,000 square meters were clipped to cover the surface of rooftops only, using a binary data type (i.e. 0 – shadow, 1 – sunny areas) and synthetic atmospheric conditions (i.e. taking into account annual changes of sun declination, cloudiness, Linke atmospheric turbidity coefficient, etc.). Such a solution enables the following calculations: direct, diffuse and total solar radiation for every square meter of a building’s surface in Warsaw. The obtained GIS layers were then transformed as input information for other modules of a fully interactive IT-toolbox for estimating solar potential, which allows citizens and decision makers to estimate how much energy they can derive in a specific point from solar panels, when they can expect a return on their investment and how it will affect the natural environment.
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie praktyk menedżerskich, które umożliwiają tworzenie i zatrzymywanie wartości w okresie przejściowym w cyklu życia branży. Badania miały charakter podłużny, przeprowadzono je zgodnie z podejściem jakościowym za pomocą metody studium przypadku. Zastosowano zróżnicowane spektrum metod gromadzenia danych, aby zminimalizować ryzyko błędów systematycznych i jednocześnie opracować przypadek, kształtowany przez kontekst i pojawiające się w trakcie realizacji procesu badawczego dane. Zgromadzony materiał empiryczny umożliwił konfrontację sygnałów zmian w dynamice rozwoju branży z wyborami strategicznymi dokonywanymi przez badaną firmę. Obserwowane opcje działań polegały na naśladowaniu, repozycjonowaniu, wychodzeniu lub wchodzeniu do pokrewnych branż. Badanie jest częścią większego projektu finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki (NCN) – 2013/11/D/HS4/03965.
EN
The aim of the article is to explore the managerial practices that enable capitalizing on the critical instability during an on-going transition period in the life-cycle of an industry. The investigation followed a qualitative approach using a field-based case study method and a longitudinal design. Multiple data collection methods were adopted to reduce a systematic bias in the gathered data and to develop the case, shaped by the context and emergent data. The gathered rich data enabled the confrontation of industry transformation signals with the strategic maneuvering exhibited by the investigated firm. Observed options involved imitating, repositioning, exiting or entering. The study is a part of a larger project financed by National Science Centre of Poland (NCN) – 2013/11/D/HS4/03965.
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