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EN
This article describes the impact of humoral theory and astrology on the description of human body in four types of temperaments (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic) in the Renaissance writings. The most important of them is an antique book entitled Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum  written by Johannes Indagine and printed in 1522. Other books from this period are: Enchiridion Physiognomiae co[m] pe[n]diosu[m]: cu[m] figuris facieru[m]  (1532) by Simonenide Louicz, Problemata Aristotelis. Gadki… o składności członk.w człowieczych  (1535) by Andrzej Glaber, Phisionomia hinc inde ex illustribus scriptoribus… recollecta (1518) by Johann von Glogau. The article describes the humoral theory of diseses, which roots were created by Hippocrates and Galen, and the doctrine of the four humors dominated Medieval and Renaissance medicine. This theory held that in the body there are four humors or bodily fluids (moists) held the secret to temperaments. These humors were: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. A proper domination of each fluid was a cause of characteristic patterns of appropriate temperament: melancholic, sanguine, choleric and phlegmatic. The theory of four temperaments was also intrinsically tied to astrology, beginning with a natal birth chart interpretations to the impact of diffrent planets (Zodiac) on the organs in human body. Astrology was also helpful in the interpretation of temperaments (personality types) with their connection to the picture of human face, which was analyzed by the medieval physiognomy and also to physical appearance: shape of the body, colour of the skin, musculature and hair. The article also describes the correlations connecting the theory of four humors with birth (natal) charts and looking which planet has the impact on each temperament and human body, with negative or positive domination of diffrent character qualities. And finally, there is a detailed reconstruction of physiognomic types of human types of four temperaments, based on the book from 1522 Introductiones apotelesmaticae in Chyromantiam, Physiognomiam, Astrologiam Naturalem complexiones hominum naturas planetarum  by Indagine. The author discusses a planet’s positions and conjunctions with other planets in horoscope and their impact on temperament, physical posture, character traits, with some medical comments.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2018
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vol. 13
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issue 8
436-454
EN
This article is devoted to the analysis and interpretation of the sense of touch in the early novel The Virtuous by Eliza Orzeszkowa. Touch is used in emotional or intentional tones, and in its character is the force of interaction: positive or negative. In the novel The Virtuous, touch in a physiognomical context was particularly important, which added diagnostic information about the nature of the literary hero. Due to the satirical content of the work, there was definitely more badness in tangibility that distinguished the small-town elite. Among the many categories of touch are “touch for show”, hidden touch, honourable touch, metaphorically-meta-physical touch, and empathic touch.
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Duch je kost : k úskalím vědecké fyziognomie

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EN
Focusing on Hegel’s dictum “Spirit is a bone”, the paper shows that besides its straightforward reading as a critique scientific physiognomy, it has a broader application to all attempts at reducing complex physical and social phenomena to mere causal explanations. Inferring that you must have such and such character because you have such and such bumps on your skull does not substantially differ from the same inference based on the description of our genes or episodes of our brain centers. With Hegel, one can argue that what matters here are not some describable episodes of our organism, but human deed as an outer opposition to the inner act of intention. The relation of the inner and outer, though, must be conceived dialectically as mutually conditioned or co-dependent, in the spirit of the later philosophies of Wittgenstein or Merleau-Ponty.
DE
Die Abhandlung befasst sich mit Hegels Ausspruch „der Geist ist ein Knochen“, wobei nicht nur der Kontext der Kritik der damaligen Lehren von der Physiognomie erörtert wird, sondern insbesondere auch deren Verallgemeinerung in der Kritik an Kausalerklärungen komplexer psychischer und sozialer Erscheinungen. Schlussfolgerungen von der Schädelform und von Gesichtszügen auf den persönlichen Charakter oder auf den Charakter einer Ethnie sind ebenso zweifelhaft, wie ähnliche Schlussfolgerungen anhand der Hirnaktivität oder der genetischen Ausstattung. Als relevant erweist sich in diesem Zusammenhang erst das menschliche Verhalten, das einen äußeren Ausdruck einer innerlich definierten Absicht darstellt. Die Beziehung von Innerem und Äußerem muss freilich als eine gegenseitig bedingte Beziehung verstanden werden, so wie es den späteren Erwägungen von Wittgenstein oder Merleau-Ponty entspricht.
CS
Stať se věnuje Hegelovu výroku „duch je kost“ nejen v kontextu kritiky tehdejších fyziognomických nauk, ale především v jejím zobecnění do kritiky kauzálních vysvětlení komplexních psychických a sociálních jevů. Usoudit z toho, že má někdo takové či jiné lebeční výrůstky nebo rysy obličeje, na jeho povahu nebo na povahu celé rasy, je podobně chybné, jako usoudit na to z činnosti jeho mozku nebo genetické výbavy. Jako relevantní se v této souvislosti ukazuje být až lidské jednání představující vnější projev vnitřně definovaného úmyslu. Vztah vnitřního a vnějšího je však třeba chápat jako vzájemně podmíněný, v duchu pozdějších úvah Wittgensteinových či Merleau- -Pontyových.
EN
The Physiognomic Aspect of Urbanness on the Example of New Towns in Poland. A Case Study of the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship
EN
The aim of the article is to present the idea of physiognomic theory in Polish literature in the 19th century. The history of physiognomy is briefly introduced. The article presents the most famous researchers if this field, for example, Giambattista della Porta and Johann Caspar Lavater. Many authors are linked to physiognomic theories. The paper shows Józef Ignacy Kraszewski as a writer fascinated by physiognomy. It focuses on his vividness of descriptions and his interest in people’s appearance and their surroundings. The article outlines the most important physiognomic descriptions from Dziwadła. It also depicts interpretations of portraits by means of physiognomic theories. The aim of article is to analyze the physiognomic signs in works by J. I. Kraszewski based on the examples from Dziwadła.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na zagadnieniu fizjonomiki w literaturze polskiej XIX wieku. Przedstawiono krótki zarys historii fizjonomiki. Zaprezentowano najważniejszych badaczy tej dziedziny, m.in. Giambattistę Della Portę i Johanna Caspara Lavatera. Następnie ukazano powiązania pisarzy z fizjonomiką.Przedstawiono sylwetkę Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego jako fizjonomisty. Zwrócono uwagę na plastykę jego opisów oraz zainteresowania fizjonomią człowieka i jego otoczenia. Następnie odnaleziono najważniejsze ślady fizjonomiczne w powieści Dziwadła. Przedstawiono także ich interpretację za pomocą teorii fizjonomicznych. Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie istotnych rysów fizjonomicznych w twórczości Kraszewskiego na przykładzie powieści Dziwadła.
EN
This paper collects and analyzes ancient sources that refer to Pythagoras of Samos as the founder of physiognomy. Interest in physiognomy, which deals with the relationship between the body and the spirit, has become more popular over the last few years; however, many aspects of research into the topic are still obscure and worthy of further study. Physiognomy was assumed by ancient authors to be the method by which candidates were selected to enter the Pythagorean community, used by the Greek philosopher and his followers. Information about Pythagoras, who – by simply looking at somebody – could recognize their character appears, in the works of Aulus Gellius, Hippolytus, Porphyry, Iamblichos, Proclos and Olympiodorus. Apart from discussing testimonia about Pythagoras and his physiognomic examinations, the text explores the role of physiognomy during the selection process for the Pythagorean community in order to provide a better understanding of elite traditions within society. The paper also supplies further insight with regards to the methodology behind physiognomical surveys, which were popular during antiquity.
Vox Patrum
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2001
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vol. 40
173-194
EN
Origen is one of the most eminent Christian intellectuals of all times. Bom between 185 and 186 AD, died between 254 and 255 AD. He lived trough a period of alternate persecution and relative religious freedom to the Christians. A well-educated teacher and an exegete of the Holy Scriptures, he finally became one of the most influential figures in the Church.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje kwestię ideologicznych powiązań między fi lozofi ą człowieka rozwiniętą w XV wieku przez krakowskich mistrzów z Universitatis Cracoviensis i krakowskiej sztuki gotyckiej, przede wszystkim rzeźby stworzonej przez Wita Stwosza w tzw. krakowskim okresie jego twórczości. Niemiecki rzeźbiarz ukazał w krakowskim retabulum szeroką gamę indywidualnych studiów portretowych o charakterze realistycznym i naturalistycznym. W okresie krakowskim w twórczości Wita Stwosza zaszły istotne przemiany, stworzył on bowiem naturalistyczne portrety nieznane w ówczesnej sztuce europejskiej, ukazujące nawet patologiczne zmiany skórne, takie jak różnego typu rakowe zmiany skórne, które artysta widział na ludzkim ciele. W krakowskich archiwach zachował się notarialny dokument, z którego wynika, że Wit Stwosz utrzymywał przyjazne kontakty z Janem z Głogowa, autorem traktatu Physionomia hincinde ex illustribus scriptoribus per venerabilem virum magistrum Joannem Glogoviensem diligentissime recollecta, wydrukowanego w Krakowie w 1518 r. W artykule pokazano, że treść tego traktatu – w tym problem chorób skóry – znalazła odzwierciedlenie w sztuce jednego z najsłynniejszych rzeźbiarzy późnośredniowiecznej Europy Środkowej.
EN
The article takes up the issue of ideological connections between the philosophy of man developed in the 15th century by the Cracovian masters from the Universitatis Cracoviensis and Cracovian Gothic art, above all the sculptures created by Veit Stoss in his Cracovian period. The German master-carver showed in his Cracovian Altarpiece a vast range of individual portrait-studies, realistic and naturalistic in character. During the Cracovian period some essential transformations took place in Veit Stoss’s oeuvre. He created naturalistic portrait-studies unknown in the European art of the time, depicting even pathological changes, such as cancerous skin lesions, which Stoss perceived on the human body. We have known – on the basis of archival sources – that Veit Stoss maintained friendly contacts with Jan of Głogów, author of the treatise Physionomia hincinde ex illustribus scriptoribus per venerabilem virum magistrum Joannem Glogoviensem diligentissime recol lecta, printed in Kraków in 1518. I wish to prove that the content of this treatise – including the issue of skin diseases – found its refl ection in the art of one of the leading sculptors of the late medieval Europe.
EN
The article entitled: Astrology, Palmistry and Metoposcopy as a Complement to the Physiognomic Image of the Soul in the Philosophy of Marin Cureau de La Chambre aims to present the views of a little-known French doctor and philosopher in Poland. Living and creating in seventeenth century, de La Chambre is a representative of post-Cartesian philosophy. His studies concern the physiognomic image of the human psyche. The article briefly presents the content of the main works of this author, which include Les Characteres des passions, vols. 1–4, Paris1662 and L'art de connoistre les hommes, Amsterdam 1660. It is in these books that the scholar presents the principles of getting to know people, resulting from the combination of medical knowledge and the analysis of emotions in a person. In the second part, the article presents the content of two letters that de La Chambre attached to L'art de connoistre les hommes. These are: Discours sur les principes de la chiromance (Dissertation on the principles of palmistry) and Discours sur les principes de la metoposcopie (Dissertation on the principles of metoposcopy). The scientist studies the utility of these pseudo-sciences for the purposes of medicine so that, together with physiognomy, they can replenish the necessary knowledge not only about the behavior of people, but about the traits of their character, as well as the fate with reference to the incidence of various diseases. The article presents a less popular and familiar part of the knowledge in the field of the development of post-Cartesian medical philosophy in France in the seventeenth century. 
PL
Artykuł zatytułowany Astrologia, chiromancja i metoposkopia jako uzupełnienie fizjonomicznego obrazu duszy w filozofii Marin Cureau de La Chambre’a, ma na celu zaprezentowanie poglądów mało znanego w Polsce lekarza i filozofa francuskiego. Żyjący i tworzący w wieku siedemnastym de La Chambre jest przedstawicielem filozofii  pokartezjańskiej. Jego opracowania dotyczą fizjonomicznego obrazu psychiki ludzkiej. Artykuł ukazuje skrótowo treść głównych dzieł tego autora, do których zalicza się Les Characteres des passions, t. 1–4, Paris 1662 oraz L'art de connoistre les hommes, Amsterdam 1660. To w tych książkach uczony prezentuje zasady poznania ludzi, wynikłe z połączenia wiedzy lekarskiej oraz analizy emocji w człowieku. W drugiej części artykuł przybliża treść dwóch utworów o charakterze listów, które de La Chambre dołączył do L'art de connoistre les hommes. Są nimi: Discours sur les principes de la chiromance (Rozprawa o zasadach chiromancji oraz Discours sur les principes de la metoposcopie (Rozprawa o zasadach metoposkopii). Uczony bada przydatność tych pseudo-nauk dla celów medycyny tak, aby wraz z fizjonomiką, mogły zasilić niezbędną wiedzę nie tylko o zachowaniu ludzi, ale o cechach ich charakteru, jak również przeznaczeniu w odniesieniu do zapadalności na różne choroby. Artykuł przedstawia mniej popularną i mniej znaną część wiedzy z zakresu rozwoju pokartezjańskiej filozofii medycznej we Francji wieku siedemnastego.
Amor Fati
|
2016
|
issue 1(5)
187-217
EN
Hysteria, although diagnosed since antiquity, was a disease characteristic for the fin de siècle, and was a phenomenon situated between art and psychiatry. It has been described and documented, among others, by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). Charcot's research resulted in a number of medical publications, as well as a fascinating photo archive, which shows the different stages and views of a hysterical attack. In his book “Invention de l'Hysterie: Charcot et l'iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière” Georges Didi-Huberman wrote that he is almost forced to consider hysteria, to the extent in which it occurred in Salpêtrière in the last third of the nineteenth century, as a chapter in the history of art. I argue that the pictures of hysteria commissioned by Charcot in the Salpêtrière hospital are also a chapter in the history of photography, narrativity, and most importantly – art, and they are not only medical archives with no artistic features. The advent of photography was crucial for the existence of a particular understanding of diseases. In the text I deal with such issues and I answer the question whether the analysis process of the images commissioned by Charcot is an attempt to transform them into the work of art or they were works of art from the outset. I also analyse whether this is only a photographic documentation of piece of art, which was the hysteria. Using the terminology of François Soulages, we should consider what do Charcot's photos actually "want" to be, what constitutes them as works of art or as part of art history. What assumptions lie at the origins of their occurrence and what are the consequences resulting from the clash of these assumptions with the topic of the medium, media, cultural-historical context and audience.
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