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EN
As the aesthetic of the Polish cities became a topic of wider discussions, it is important to detect the potential role of human-place relations. Two studies (N = 185 & N = 196) were conducted to explore the relationship between place attachment, place identity and appraisal of urban landscape. Satisfaction with urban aesthetic was predicted by two dimensions of place attachment (place inherited and place discovered), local identity (on the trend level) and national-conservative identity. Place discovered and European identity were also predictors of visual pollution sensitivity. Place discovered is considered as more active type of attachment that permits both a positive bias concerning the aesthetics of one’s city, and a stronger criticism of the elements that can potentially violate the place’s landscape.
EN
The topic of the article concerns the issue of place attachment and its determinants. An analysis of place attachment was performed in terms of place identity and place dependence (Williams, Vaske, 2003). Moreover, links between place attachment and selected geographical (size and type of place, geographical region), demographic (age, sex) and psychological (satisfaction with life) variables were investigated. The study group included 759 respondents: 398 women and 361 men, aged 18-83 years, residing in 74 places in the Silesian Province, a region in Poland: in 10 sub-regions in the Upper Silesian conurbation and outside the conurbation. The study used the Place Attachment Scale (Williams, Vaske, 2003), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin, 1985) and a personal information section containing questions regarding place of permanent residence, sex and age. Results showed that subjects residing in smaller and non-industrial places had a stronger place attachment than those residing in larger and industrial cities. People living outside the Upper Silesian conurbation were more strongly attached to their place of residence in terms of place identity than those residing in the Upper Silesian conurbation. People living in the Zagłębie (industrial) sub-region were more strongly attached in terms of place dependence than those residing in the Bytom sub-region (devastated with high unemployment). Satisfaction with life was positively correlated with place attachment. Older subjects were more strongly attached to their place of residence. Men and women did not differ in the sense of place attachment and life satisfaction.
EN
The aim of this paper is to explore older in-migrants' experiences and perceptions of their spatial context at the neighbourhood level, the key aspects in their attachment to the neighbourhood, and the role of place in their experience of ageing. Our qualitative research was carried out in Newton Hall (United Kingdom). The findings show that older people can have a proactive role in terms of placemaking and their own wellbeing. However, the study also reveals that the condition of the spatial context can either support or hinder older people's sense of wellbeing.
EN
The aim of this study was to explore the subject of place attachment and connected factors (such as social trust, attachment style and anxiety) in the context of enforced isolation caused by world pandemic COVID-19. For this purpose a longitudinal study was conducted, in the first part of which 127 people were examined, and 35 in second. During the survey were used: Place Attachment Scale, General Trust Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, and STAI -X1 Questionnaire. The study confirmed the negative relationship between place attachment and anxiety: the higher the level of anxiety, the lower the strength of place attachment. This relationship was also found to be stable over time and significant during both the first and third lockdown.
EN
The present research work makes a contribution to the studying of social identity, place attachment and sense of community for citizens. The objects of investigation are practical aspects of social identity, place attachment and sense of community for citizens in Sweden, Finland and Latvia. Sociological survey had been used. The most active participants of survey in all tested regions were women at the economically active age (Helsinki, Riga) or retired (Norrkoping). The majority of those, who are living more than 20, 30 and 40 years in the same neighbourhood, live in Riga. The most active people, who participate in local arrangements, are in majority in Helsinki. People mentioned that they participate because they want to be updated on the future plans of their neighbourhoods. Finnish people want to feel the sense of community. Latvian people want to affect the future of neighbourhood and to explore the arrangements for to get acquainted with neighbours. The data might be reflecting common situation for all countries: the economically active people are busy at work. The Latvian data indirectly indicate to low level of communication between inhabitants and local actors or official representatives of municipality. Perhaps, there is a good tradition to participate in different gallops, surveys and people feel results (effectiveness) of those activities there in Sweden and Finland. Riga respondents are not so optimistically tuned on effectiveness of those arrangements. In spite of high readiness of participation in surveys and gallops, people assess their possibilities in neighbourhood development too low (Sweden, Finland). And vice versa, 67% of Latvian respondents assess their possibilities of participating in neighbourhood development more realistic and 10% totally dissent with this. People, in general, want to influence, to improve (if is not yet excellent, suitable, safe), may be also, to be proud of their neighbourhood. In general, there are mentioned all local actors to be important and be involved in neighbourhood development. Finnish respondents of survey highly assessed the role of local associations and local policymakers. Safety was the number one issue in all three cities. It seems that in Norrkoping people are quite satisfied with the comfort of their neighbourhood, and in Riga and Helsinki there could be some room for improvement. Regarding the commercial services the present situation is viewed best in Riga, where 67% of the respondents partly or totally agree with the statement. The question about good sense of community seems to divide opinions in every city. It’s difficult to say, about the underlying factors in each city or each neighbourhood.
EN
It has been argued that attachment to place increases wellbeing in old age (Wiles et al., 2009). Feeling ‘in place’ can increase an older person's wellbeing. For older migrants it can be a challenge to live in-between cultures. The objective of the article is to explore how older Antillean migrants derive a sense of wellbeing from attachment to their everyday places. We do so by drawing on in-depth interviews and a photography project with Antilleans who live in a senior cohousing community in a city in the Northern Netherlands. Based on the study, we conclude that the cohousing community acted as a central setting of experience from which the participants explored their wider surroundings and developed new attachments in the neighbourhood.
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2019
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vol. 24
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issue 2
27-40
EN
The purpose of the paper is to examine the potential of participatory budgeting (PB) for the formation of citizen identity and attachment to the place in terms of individual, territorial and thematic focus. In the theoretical discussion, the authors analyse the concepts of place attachment, social identity and their influence on civic participation. The authors propose a conceptual framework for the analysis of relationships between PB, place attachment, and social identity. In the case of the community development model of PB, place attachment should lead to the citizens’ increased inclination to participate. In the case of participatory democracy model of PB citizen participation can lead to a stronger place attachment. The con­ceptual framework presented in the paper requires empirical confirmation. Further research on the subject should revolve around the influence of place attachment on the formation of social identity and vice versa by application of the discussed models of PB. The placemakers should take into account literature-based evidence that advisory models of PB do not reinforce place identity. The places that apply one of the transition models should consider the evolution of their PB policies towards either community development model or participatory democracy model. By review of diverse theoretical approaches on place identity and local participation, the paper creates a solid foundation for further analysis of the relationships between the applica­tion of PB and the development of civic identity and place attachment.
PL
W pierwszych miesiącach pandemii COVID-19 wiele rządów narzuciło swoim obywatelom różnego typu ograniczenia i wprowadziło zasady dystansowania społecznego. Jednocześnie nastąpił również duży wzrost sprzedaży gier komputerowych, co było szczególnie widoczne w sektorze rynku Virtual Reality (VR). Stawiamy hipotezę, że nie jest to przypadek, ponieważ zanurzenie w VR oraz zdolność tej technologii do wywoływania wrażenia ucieleśnienia (embodiment) i poczucia obecności (presence) mogą potencjalnie łagodzić utratę kontaktu ze światem zewnętrznym. VR ma naszym zdaniem społeczny potencjał, aby zapewnić przestrzeń i miejsce dla ludzkich interakcji w czasie, gdy fizyczne kontrakty są ograniczone. Aby to zbadać, analizujemy recenzje VRChat (gry społecznościowej VR) opublikowane na platformie Steam, zarówno przed pandemią, jak i w jej trakcie. Wśród zidentyfikowanych motywów przewodnich znaleźliśmy takie, które wskazują, że przestrzenność odgrywa ważną rolę w doświadczeniach graczy. Użytkownicy opisują wirtualne światy gry za pomocą emocjonalnego języka, który sugeruje więź i obecność przywiązania do miejsca. W recenzjach pandemii pojawia się mocny wątek bezpieczeństwa związany z wirtualnymi miejscami VRChat – zastąpienie przestrzeni fizycznej, która nie jest już dostępna lub jest postrzegana jako niebezpieczna. Przynajmniej niektórym użytkownikom VRChat zapewnił przyjazne i wygodne środowisko podczas pandemii, działając jako substytut interakcji społecznych w okresie utrzymywania dystansu społecznego i izolacji.
EN
During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic many governments imposed forced lockdowns and implemented social distancing measures. At the same time there was also a large increase in gaming sales, which was particularly pronounced in the Virtual Reality (VR) sector of the market. We hypothesize that this is no coincidence since VR immersion and the capability of inducing embodiment and a feeling of presence can mitigate the loss of contact with outside world. VR has social and spatial potential to provide space and place for human interactions in time when physical contracts are restricted. To investigate this, we analyse reviews of VRChat (a social VR game) posted on the Steam platform, both before and during the pandemic. Among several themes that were identified, we found indications that spatiality plays an important role in the players’ experience. Users describe virtual worlds of the game using emotional language that suggest bonding and presence of place attachment. In the reviews made during the pandemic there is a strong theme of safety associated with virtual places of VRChat – a replacement of physical space that is no longer accessible or is perceived as unsafe. At least for some users, VRChat has provided a sympathetic and comfortable environment during the pandemic to act as a surrogate for social interaction during social distancing and isolation. Future interviews with users are needed to extend and validate this preliminary research.
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie na jak różne sposoby ludzie starsi są związani ze swoim miejscem zamieszkania. Autor porusza teoretyczne i empiryczne aspekty tego zagadnienia. W części teoretycznej tekstu przedstawiono te kategorie teoretyczne w gerontologii środowiskowej, które wyjaśniają charakter i siłę psychologicznie nierozerwalnych związków człowieka starego z jego miejscem zamieszkania. Najważniejszymi z tych mechanizmów są: poczucie miejsca, przywiązanie do miejsca oraz funkcjonalna zależność od miejsca zamieszkania. W części empirycznej autor ilustruje mechanizmy przywiązania seniorów do ich miejsca zamieszkania, posługując się materiałem empirycznym z czterech projektów badawczych, w których osobiście uczestniczył (w tym ogólnopolski projekt zamawiany PolSenior). Dokonując wyboru spośród zgromadzonego materiału empirycznego, autor koncentruje się na analizie jakościowej wywiadów pogłębionych ukazujących stosunek starszych mieszkańców wybranych osiedli na Górnym Śląsku do ich miejsca zamieszkania. Z badań tych wynika, że seniorzy, mimo odczuwanych niedogodności w środowisku zamieszkania, najczęściej chcą w nim pozostać. Są przywiązani do swojego miejsca zamieszkania, czują się w nim najpewniej, a w innym, na starość, raczej nie zaadaptowaliby się tak pomyślnie. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że potrzebne są rozwiązaniaorganizacyjne i architektoniczno-urbanistyczne zapewniające opiekę w znanym i akceptowanym przez seniorów środowisku zamieszkania.
EN
The aim of this article is to show the different ways in which elderly people are bound to their habitat. The author sheds light both on theoretical and empirical aspects of this issue. The concepts which explain psychological mechanisms that bind elderly people to their residential environment have been presented in the theoretical part of the article. These concepts include the sense of place, the place attachment and the place dependence, which are the most important. To illustrate the mechanisms of the seniors’ attachment to their habitat in the empirical part of the text, the author presents the results of four research projects (including nation-wide project PolSenior). In the presentation of the empirical material that has been collected, the author focuses on the qualitative analysis of the in-depth interviews which show the attitudes of senior residents of chosen settlements in Upper Silesia towards their residential environment. According to the research presented in the article, despite some inconveniences senior respondents tend to stay where they live. They feel attached to the place, they feel secure there or they are too old to adapt to new surroundings. In light of the research conducted, there is a need for organizational an d urban-architectural solutions that provide care within the habitat that is recognizable and acceptable by seniors.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena relacji pomiędzy jakością życia w mieście a emocjonalnym przywiązaniem do miejsca zamieszkania. W artykule szczegółowo omówiono wybrane aspekty jakości życia oraz wymiary więzi psychospołecznej. Analizie poddano związki pomiędzy badanymi zjawiskami społecznymi. Podstawę empiryczną prezentowanych wyników stanowią badania przeprowadzone w ramach projektu badawczego Kapitał ludzki i społeczny jako czynniki rozwoju regionu łódzkiego, finansowanego ze środków Unii Europejskiej. Badania zrealizowano na losowej próbie adresowej mieszkańców woj. łódzkiego w wieku 16–65 lat. Docelową próbą objęto 2005 osób. W artykule zawężono analizy jedynie do mieszkańców Łodzi (N = 560). Wybór tego postprzemysłowego miasta nie był przypadkowy. Po pierwsze, to dawne centrum polskiego przemysłu lekkiego, które na skutek globalizacji i transformacji straciło swoją industrialną funkcję (Starosta, Brzeziński 2014) i od tego momentu boryka się z licznymi problemami społecznymi. Po drugie, władze miasta w najbliższym czasie planują przeprowadzenie szeroko zakrojonej rewitalizacji, której celem ma być m.in. poprawa jakości życia. W związku z tym uznano, że z naukowego punktu widzenia interesujące będzie poddanie analizie wybranych aspektów jakości życia oraz więzi psychospołecznych w tym postprzemysłowym mieście.
EN
The paper’s main objective is to present the importance of the quality of life in the context of one’s emotional attachment to one’s city. The paper offers an in-depth discussion of some aspects of quality of life and place attachment. The relationships between the phenomena are also discussed. The analyses were conducted based on empirical data from the research project: Social and human capital as factors of the development of the region of Łódź. The project was funded by the European Union. The survey research was conducted on a representative sample of inhabitants of the Łódź voivodeship aged 16–65. The total number of conducted interviews was 2005. However, in the paper, the authors focused exclusively on the inhabitants of Łódź (N = 560). This post-industrial city was chosen on purpose. Firstly, this former centre of Polish textile industry lost much of its industrial function as a result of globalization and transformation. Secondly, the city authorities are planning to conduct a comprehensive process of city revitalization. The aim of the revitalization is to improve the quality of life. This is why the quality of life and place attachment in this post-industrial city were considered very interesting from a scientific point of view.
EN
The Argentinian garden city of Lomas del Palomar was formerly, socially and spatially, a very specific neighbourhood in Argentina. It was designed by the German architect Zeyen and was built on a human scale with a selfcontained community. Recently, it has been undergoing a material and inner transformation. Elements such as high fences, security cameras and multi-storey buildings that do not respect the original character of the place have had an impact on the residents’ attachment to the place of their home. Employing Setha Low’s theoretical approach of spatialized culture (2017), the aim of this paper is to show how the residents of Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar are attached to the place of their home and neighbourhood and how this attachment is reconceptualized through the current socio-spatial changes of the place. Based on ethnographic research, this paper seeks to explore how these changes affect the spatialized culture of a place through the residents’ everyday perception, understanding and experience of the place.
PL
Współcześnie stosunek jednostki do zajmowanej przestrzeni można przedstawić w postaci dwóch opozycyjnych stanowisk. Pierwsze wskazuje na progresywny proces uniezależniania się człowieka od miejsca urodzenia i miejsca zamieszkania, czego konsekwencją jest malejące przywiązanie i utrata lokalnej tożsamości. Drugie, przeciwne stanowisko, akcentuje proces rosnącego zainteresowania ideą lokalizmu oraz lokalnymi partykularyzmami. Ta rozbieżność stanowisk stała się główną inspiracją dla autorów prezentowanego artykułu. Głównym jego celem jest ukazanie poziomu i głównych determinant lokalnej identyfikacji mieszkańców wybranych miast poprzemysłowych. Podstawą prezentowanych rozważań są badania reprezentatywne, zrealizowane w miastach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej oraz w Turcji. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz zmierzają do odpowiedzi na pytanie, która kategoria zmiennych: zakorzenienie terytorialne czy jakość życia i zamieszkiwania, ma największy wpływ na kształtowanie identyfikacji mieszkańców z miastem? W opracowaniu przyjęto założenie, iż wpływ „klasycznych” uwarunkowań przywiązania do miejsca, takich jak zakorzenienie terytorialne, traci na znaczeniu wobec rosnącego znaczenia jakości życia i oceny warunków zamieszkiwania. Zaprezentowane w artykule wyniki badań potwierdzają tak sformułowaną hipotezę.
EN
Nowadays the attitude of the individual to occupied space might be presented in two opposing ways. The first indicates the progressive process of making man independent form place of birth and place of residence. It displays in decreasing level of place attachment and local identities. The second, opposite position indicates the increasing process of interest in localism, local affairs, local particularities and so on. The opposing thesis became the main inspiration for the authors of this article. The main goal of the article is to depict the level of inhabitants local identification with post-industrial cities and to identify its main determinants. The basis of the presented in the article issues are representative surveys conducted in cities of Central and Eastern Europe as well in Turkey. The results of the data analysis enabled the researchers to answer one of the main questions: which category of variables (rootedness or quality of life and municipal management) has the greatest influence on shaping the place attachment. It should be noted, that it was assumed that the impact of “traditional” and “classic” determinants of place attachment such as: rootedness forgoes its importance. On the other hand, it was assumed that such factor as the quality of life gains importance in the process of shaping residents place identity. Presented in the article results confirmed this hypothesis and proved greater importance of quality of life in shaping the place attachment.
EN
Intricately concocted temples-seemingly historically accurate down to the pixel-flash across the gamer’s screen, as the player-conquistador re-creates the downfall of the so-called “Aztec Empire,” circa 1521, a keyboard at hand instead of a cutlass. Playing the Spanish Conquest has never been easier or more exciting for the victor. Today’s recreational sundering of Indigenous-American sacred spaces and cultural monuments repeats disturbing patterns in colonialism and cultural imperialism from the Early Modern past (Carpenter 2021; Ford 2016; Mukherjee 2017). What are the lessons gamers learn by reducing digitized Mesoamerican temples, such as the grand teocalli of Tenochtitlan, to rubble? This article explores sacred landscapes, archaeology, and art relating to acts of conquest and sixteenth-century Spanish invasion of Mesoamerica. This study of Mesoamerican sacred environments supports my interpretation that careless approaches to early-modern contexts and virtual geographies created by game designers reduce the presence of Mesoamerican place-identity. I highlight empire-building games based on historical events and situate gaming experiences, old and new, as interventions in sacred architecture. The study draws in ethnospatial considerations of settings and ornamentation to furthering the recent Game Studies critiques on cartographies, narratologies, and play mechanics, here focusing on the geo-spiritual components of playing out aspects of Mesoamerica’s encounters with Spanish military and cultural conflict (Lammes et al. 2018). I reveal the importance of place attachment, ethnohistory, and archaeology in making more meaningful experiences and argue that current art history-adjacent gaming agendas create fun and profit at the expense of iconic structures of Mexico’s heritage, such as the Postclassic single- and double-topped teocalli (temple-pyramids). The final thoughts call for increased interventions from scholars upon developer-player negative feedback loops that repurpose inaccurate mythos from historiography of the “Spiritual Conquest” paradigm.
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak ważne dla adaptacji księży do życia na emeryturze mogą być psychospołeczne aspekty ich miejsca pobytu. Autor prezentuje swoje badania na temat procesów biograficznych, które doprowadziły katolickich duszpasterzy parafialnych dwóch wybranych diecezji do Domu Księży Emerytów, na parafię lub do mieszkań prywatnych, gdy znaleźli się na emeryturze. Część teoretyczna tekstu eksponuje ogromne znaczenie społecznego aspektu przywiązania do miejsca (social insideness) w procesach biograficznych kształtujących postawy respondentów wobec aktualnego środowiska zamieszkania. Zaprezentowane badania pokazały, jak ważnym elementem emerytalnych projektów biograficznych księży może być wspomniane social insideness, w jak dużym stopniu postawa ta może decydować o świadomym wyborze miejsca pobytu na emeryturze. Trajektorie choroby i utraty sprawności oraz rosnącej zależności od innych mogą stanowić poważne zagrożenie dla nawet najlepiej zorganizowanych schematów biograficznych wspomnianych księży, jak i świeckich seniorów. Wzrastające wraz z demograficznym starzeniem się ludności Polski zapotrzebowanie na całodobową opiekę nad seniorami tracącymi sprawność uzasadnia wzorowanie się na placówkach dla księży, domach zasłużonego aktora czy niegdyś nauczyciela. Wzorem tych grup społecznych, podobieństwo modeli karier edukacyjnych i zawodowych osób przebywających w tej samej placówce stwarza szansę na zachowanie ich tożsamości społecznej, a przez to może im znacznie ułatwić adaptację do życia z problemami starości.
EN
The aim of the article is to show how important for the adaptation of priests to their retirement can be the psycho-social aspects of residential environment. The author presents his research on biographical processes, including trajectories, which have led the catholic priests of two chosen dioceses to special house for the retired priests, to living in a parish or in a private house when they retired. In the theoretical part of the article, it is explained how great is the significance of social aspect of place attachment (social insideness) for the biographical processes which shape the attitudes of the respondents for their present residential environment. The research presented has shown how important is social insideness for the priests’ concept of their retirement and to what extend it can shape the choice of residential environment when they retire. The trajectories of losing ability and increasing dependence on others disrupt even well-organized biographical schemes of priests mentioned above and of other senior citizens. In the era of increasing demographic ageing, when more and more special care settings for the elderly are needed, those organized for senior priests, actors, or retired teachers should be the pattern for those created for other elderly people. The similarity of biographical and professional trajectories of the groups mentioned should be part of the pattern so that the residents of care setting could maintain their social identity, which facilitate their adaptation to the problems of old age they experience in everyday life.
PL
Praca ta prezentuje wyniki ilościowych badań przeprowadzonych wśród mieszkańców osiedli zamkniętych i otwartych w Warszawie w 2006 i 2008 roku (n = 415). Odnoszą się one do tego, czy zamieszkiwanie na grodzonym osiedlu zwiększa czy zmniejsza poczucie bezpieczeństwa (paradoks bezpieczeństwa), jak również do niewielkiej aktywności społecznej, niskiego poziomu lokalnego kapitału społecznego, mniejszego przywiązania do miejsca wśród mieszkańców osiedli zamkniętych (paradoks wspólnoty). Przebadana została również postawa wobec grodzeń. Mieszkańcy osiedli zamkniętych charakteryzowali się niższym średnim wiekiem, krótszym czasem zamieszkiwania na osiedlu, większym poczuciem bezpieczeństwa, mniejszą aktywnością społeczną, niższym lokalnym kapitałem społecznym, większym przywiązaniem do mieszkania, a mniejszym do miasta oraz bardziej pozytywną postawą wobec grodzeń niż mieszkańcy odpowiadających im osiedli otwartych. Wypracowany został także regresyjny model aktywności społecznej oddzielnie dla grupy mieszkańców osiedli zamkniętych i otwartych, który uwzględnia kluczowe zmienne charakteryzujące funkcjonowanie psychospołeczne mieszkańców osiedli zamkniętych – poczucie bezpieczeństwa i zaufanie.
EN
This paper presents the results of empirical research carried out among the inhabitants of selected gated communities in the city of Warsaw, Poland (in the years 2006 and 2008). The subject of this inquiry is the influence of residential location on the following: a sense of security (security paradox); civic activity, local social capital, place attachment (community paradox) and attitude towards gating. The occurrence of this influence has been verified using a series of intergroup comparison tests on sample of 415 respondents who live in comparable (in terms of location, standard, height of the buildings, residence time, etc.) gated and non-gated communities. The obtained evidence shows that the inhabitants of gated communities, on the one hand, were significantly younger, felt more secure and were more positive about gating of settlements than the inhabitants of non-gated communities were, but, on the other hand, their residence time was shorter, they were less active in civic terms, had lower level of local social capital and were less attached to the city. The analysis produced a puzzling result: the inhabitants of gated communities were more attached to their own apartment than the inhabitants of non-gated communities, but, at the same time, they reported significantly lower attachment to the city. Additionally, a model of civic activity has been produced, based on regression analysis of this sample – separately for gated and non-gated inhabitants. It contains key variables – sense of security and generalized trust – which characterize psycho-social functioning of gated communities’ inhabitants.
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