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EN
The article reveals the influence of the relationship of imaginative and conceptual thinking on the success of the process of solving creative problems and formation of the whole creative potential of junior pupils. The levels of relationship between the specified types of mental activity and their determining influence on the peculiarities of the creative process of children of primary school age were detected. Based on the described interrelations between the imaginative and conceptual thinking, the author distinguishes three levels of interaction of figurative and conceptual thinking of pupils of the primary school age: full, partial and weak. The levels reflect not only general intellectual level of development of the junior pupils, but also are the indicators of success in solving creative problems and manifestation of creative potential of junior schoolchildren.1. The full level of interaction is characterized by full actualization of the mental images and concepts, light and dynamic bilateral transitions between images and concepts.2. The level of partial interaction is determined by the ease of transitions from individual to general level, from the image to the concept within their genetic proximity, the inverse transitions, especially the translation of conceptual knowledge into imaginative generalization that is difficult and may be exercised only within a clear framework.3. The level of the weak interaction is characterized by the lack of return, and the difficulty of direct transitions between images and concepts. The theoretical analysis has shown that the strength, power and direction of the relationship between imaginative and conceptual thinking influence the decision of creative problems of the primary school age pupils. It is necessary to consider the marked peculiarities of the mental sphere of junior schoolchildren’s creative potential. Further study of this problem is seen in the terms of strengthening the links between imaginative and conceptual thinking in pupils of primary school age which will help expand and improve creative potential of the pupils.
PL
Cel to pojęcie istotne z punktu widzenia adaptacji do aktualnej sytuacji, jak i skuteczności działania jednostki. Wielu badaczy zgadza się co do tego, że w odpowiednich warunkach trafnie sformułowany cel: wzmaga i pobudza do wysiłku, ukierunkowuje działania, decyduje o wytrwałości i sprzyja opracowaniu strategii realizacyjnych. Dodatkowo posiadanie celów nadaje życiu sens, a ich realizacja wpływa na jakość egzystencji. Umiejętność stawiania sobie celów na różne okresy życia decyduje więc o ludzkiej wyjątkowości i podmiotowości. W literaturze przedmiotu cel oraz jego wymiary charakteryzowane są różnorodnie. Pytanie, które pojawiło się w ramach przeprowadzonych analiz, dotyczy tego, jakie cele stawiają sobie ludzie młodzi i czym się one charakteryzują. Badania przeprowadzono wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. W badaniach wykorzystano kwestionariusz Z. Zaleskiego, który pozwala na wnioskowanie o ilościowych i jakościowych charakterystykach celów stawianych przez ludzi młodych. Uzyskane wyniki analizowano pod względem treści celów, a także ich wymiarów związanych z aspektem stawiania i realizacji celów. Rezultaty zostały zinterpretowane w kontekście psychologii ciągu życia, a także psychologii temporalnej i motywacji.
EN
An aim is a key and essential notion from the point of view of adapting oneself to present circumstances and effective functioning. Many scientists agree that in certain conditions and circumstances, a precisely defined aim may motivate a person to make an effort, may direct his actions, decide about psychological stamina and favour working out strategies. Moreover, having aims one gets the feeling that his life makes sense and the fulfillment of those aims has an influence on the quality of life. The skill of setting goals for various periods of life determines one's exceptionality and subjectivity. In the literature, an aim and its dimensions are characterized diversely. The question which appeared while carrying out the analyses was what aims young people set and what the aims are characterized by. The research was performed among students of the University of Szczecin. The research was based on the questionnaire of Z. Zaleski, which makes it possible to draw conclusions about quantitative and qualitative characteristics of aims set by young people. The results were analyzed from the point of view of the meaning of aims and their dimensions related to the aspect of aim setting and fulfillment. The results were interpreted in the context of psychology of life span, psychology of temporal life and psychology of motivation.
EN
In today’s world, good time management is essential. People have more and more responsibilities and the day is still only twenty-four hours long. In order to fulfill all the goals for a given time unit, one need’s to properly manage one’s time, which is not easy. The theoretical part of the article discusses the concept of time management. The simplest definition of time management and one of the main methods of time management are discussed. Additionally, the Pareto principle and Parkinson’s law are introduced. In the empirical part of the article, the results of a study conducted with the use of a proprietary questionnaire are analysed. The questionnaire was aimed at economically active students. Most students rate their time management skills as good and see it improving since they combined studies and work. Students also find combining studies and work difficult, requiring good organization. Additionally, the experience of the author, a professionally active third-year undergraduate student at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, informed the research.
PL
W obecnym świecie dobra organizacja czasu to podstawa. Ludzie mają coraz więcej obowiązków, a doba wciąż trwa jedynie dwadzieścia cztery godziny. Aby wypełnić wszystkie cele na daną jednostkę czasu, należy odpowiednio zarządzać swoim czasem, co nie jest łatwe. W części teoretycznej opracowania omówione zostało pojęcie zarządzania czasem. Przedstawiono najprostszą definicję zarządzania czasem oraz jedną z głównych metod zarządzania czasem. Dodatkowo przybliżono zasadę Pareto oraz prawo Parkinsona. W części empirycznej zostały opracowane wyniki badania przeprowadzonego za pomocą autorskiego kwestionariusza ankietowego. Badanie skierowane było do studentów aktywnych zawodowo. Po przeanalizowaniu struktury odpowiedzi na wybrane pytania sformułowane zostały wnioski. Większość studentów ocenia swoją umiejętność zarządzania czasem jako dobrą oraz widzi jej poprawę, od kiedy połączyli studia i pracę. Studenci uważają również, że łączenie studiów i pracy zawodowej jest trudne i wymaga dobrej organizacji. Dodatkowo jako metodę badawczą wykorzystano doświadczenie autora, aktywnego zawodowo studenta trzeciego roku studiów pierwszego stopnia na Uniwersytecie Przyrodniczym w Lublinie.
EN
The Ministry of Motorization or the Central Office for Motor Vehicles? – Polish motorization at a crossroads. Plans, opportunities, institutions (1944–1948) The end of World War II meant the beginning of a new chapter in nearly all areas of life. One of them was motorization which, as a result of the unfavourable policy of the authorities of the Second Polish Republic and the war damage inflicted by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, in fact ceased to exist. In that situation, the years 1945–1949 were the period in history in which many concepts of its development originated. People connected with the prewar Polish Automobile Club became eagerly involved in this; after the end of World War II, they played an active role in the process of restoration of Polish motorization. During the five years mentioned, several institutions were founded whose objective was to develop a national plan for the development of motorization, which would take advantage of the potential of the automobile industry. Such documents were prepared by: the State Motor Vehicle Office, the Committee for National Motorization or the Motorization Sub-Committee. Nearly all the plans being discussed had one point in common – the establishment of an institution at the central level (perhaps a ministry), which would control all decisions connected with widely understood motorization. Before that, the competencies of individual offices had overlapped in many cases, resulting in disputes. Unfortunately, nearly all of these plans remained ‘on paper’ only, as they were not approved by decision-makers.
EN
This work describes theory of marketing, communication and communication mix in connection with non-profit organizations. Regional Health Authorities were given as an example. These organizations are public authorities in the sphere of public health protection. It was founded in 2003 by the law. However Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic was set as an official founder. The practical part of the work analyzes forms of communication used by the Regional Public Health Authorities. They are written, verbal and electronic communication. I explored when these forms are used, why are used, frequency of their use and their results. The public authorities are limited by the law very much (logically). Communication is one of the spheres that can be modified by the management of the Regional hygiene station. I think that goodwill (which building is connected with communication) of administrative authority is very important part of its existence. A good strategy of communication with the public is on of the ways how to reach it.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano usprawnienie istniejącego systemu planowania sprzedaży wyrobów gotowych. Określane są czynniki wpływające na wielkość sprzedaży we współczesnych warunkach ekonomicznych: spadek światowych cen ropy naftowej, zmniejszenie zużycia rur na rynku krajowym, globalna pandemia. Konstruowany jest algorytm planowania wielkości realizacji wyrobów gotowych. Obliczenia dokonywane są w oparciu o metodę prognozowania Holta, która pozwala na wykonanie prognozy z uwzględnieniem trendu. Przeprowadzono obliczenia na podstawie rzeczywistych danych, model dostosowano do współczesnych warunków pandemii i zidentyfikowano czynniki wpływu. Sporządza się plan wielkości produkcji z uwzględnieniem czynników wpływu, koryguje otrzymane prognozy oraz przedstawia wyniki okresowe i według rynków. Usprawniono system planowania wolumenów sprzedaży wyrobów gotowych w przedsiębiorstwach przemysłowych w nowoczesnych warunkach ekonomicznych.
EN
This article presents improving the existing system of planning finished products sales volumes. The influencing factors of the sales volumes in modern economic conditions have been determined: falling world oil prices, the reduction of pipe consumption in the domestic market, the global pandemic. The algorithm of planning finished products sales volumes has been constructed. Calculations based on the Holt forecasting method has been done, which allows to make forecast with trend. Calculations based on real data have been conducted, the model has been adapted to modern pandemic conditions, and impact factors have been identified. The plan of finished products sales volumes with factors of influence has been made. Forecast results obtained have been corrected and presented on periods and on markets. System of planning finished product sales volumes at industrial enterprises in modern economic conditions has been improved.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest spojrzenie na współpracę nauczyciela z rodzicami jako składową warsztatu pracy z perspektywy podejmowanych działań praktycznych. Podstawę rozważań stanowią wyniki przeprowadzonych badań, w tym analiza danych zastanych wynikających z przeprowadzonej w ciągu dwóch lat szkolnych – 2017/2018 i 2018/2019 – ewaluacji zewnętrznej w zakresie wymagania „Rodzice są partnerami przedszkola”. Ponadto analizie poddano plany współpracy z rodzicami na rok szkolny 2019/2020 oraz wyniki kontroli NIK w zakresie współpracy szkół z rodzicami w realizacji zadań wychowawczych. Istotne są wskazania praktyczne, które pomogą nauczycielom zbudować prawidłowe relacje, a tym samym dadzą podstawy dobrej współpracy z rodzicami.
EN
The purpose of this article is to look at the teacher’s cooperation with parents as an important aspect of the skills and tools used by teachers from the perspective of practical activities. The basis for these considerations is the results of conducted research, including analysis of existing data resulting from the external evaluation carried out in the course of two school years (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) regarding the “Parents are kindergarten partners” requirement. In addition, plans for cooperation with parents for the 2019/2020 school year and the results of the NIK audit regarding cooperation of schools with parents in terms of the implementation of educational tasks were analyzed. Practical guidelines are important to help teachers build proper relationships, and thus provide the basis for good cooperation with parents.
EN
The current paper aims to outline the potential and most important aspects of the Strategic Environmental Assessment process (directive 2001/42/EC). First of all, the analysis considers the importance of evaluation instruments in decision-making processes and moves on to environmental assessment, focusing on the peculiarities of Strategic Environmental Assessment. Although SEA is an innovative instrument in favouring and promoting a democratic approach to the government and development of the territory, it nonetheless presents a series of problems. The latter regard aspects such as: its integration into planning and programming activities, its role within these processes, the methodologies applied, stakeholder involvement, the quality of the assessment process and the how the suggestions are perceived and acknowledged.
XX
The problem of preservation and purposeful formation of children and young people’s health is exceptionally important and relevant in difficult modern conditions of development of Ukraine. In recent years there has been a significant deterioration in the health of schoolchildren in Ukraine. That is why, the issue of future teachers’ preparation to ensure valeological support requires special value. Thereby, it is necessary to search for new ways and methods which would help teachers to make such lessons in mathematics, whose main goal would be the preservation and strengthening of children’s health, formation of positive motivation for a healthy lifestyle. The article consideres the peculiarities of training future teachers of mathematics to ensure valeological support of studuing by project activities. The purpose of the article is to highlight the relevance of training future teachers of mathematics to ensure valeological support of studuing using project activities. The author reveals the main aspects of successful implementation of project technologies in the process of training future teachers of mathematics. The training of the future teachers of mathematics to the organization of project activities both during classroom work, in particular in studying the discipline “Methods of teaching mathematics”, and during extracurricular activities within the circle “Elements of valeology in the school course of mathematics” are examined. The article gives specific examples of project activities in providing valeological support. The author claims that as a result of this work, future teachers of mathematics must learn to coordinate project activities at the lessons of mathematics, to organize group and individual activity of students, to create and put into practice their own teaching plans at mathematics lessons. The results of the research obtained on the basis of literature analysis on this issue and regulations, pedagogical observation on the learning process of future teachers, confirm the relevance of training future teachers of mathematics to ensure valeological support of students learning mathematics. Practical importance of the research lies down in the development of methodological recommendations concerning training future teachers of mathematics to the solution of problems of preservation and strengthening of pupils’ physical and mental health at the lessons of mathematics and their practical application in the educational process. The article points out that the problem of training of the future teachers of mathematics to ensure valeological support of studying by involving them in project activities currently is found out insufficiently.
UK
Художня література і кіно перебувають у режимі постійних інтерактивних обмінів. На початковій стадії свого формування як виду мистецтва кінематограф не лише активно запозичував, використовував і обробляв популярні літературні сюжети, а й трансформував у свою виражальну систему (поетику) суто літературні виражально-зображальні засоби. Своєю чергою, художня література ще до появи кінематографу користувалася прийомами, які із сучасного погляду можуть кваліфікуватися як «кінематографічні». У процесі розвитку своєї мови (кінопоетики) мистецтво кіно не лише “відкривало”, трансформувало ці засоби, а й увиразнювало та вдосконалювало їх. У зв’язку з цим почався зворотний вплив – поетика кіно почала інтегруватися у виражально-зображальну систему мистецтва слова, й особливо активно – із 20-х років минулого століття. Цей процес слід розглядати в контексті синтезу мистецтв, інтенсифікація якого відбувалася на межі ХІХ–ХХ ст., коли стверджувалося, набувало нових виражальних форм мистецтво епохи модернізму. Задля глибшого вивчення елементів кінопоетики в літературних текстах необхідний ґрунтовний огляд основних складників кіномови – категорій “монтаж” та “кадр”, перші визначення яким дали кінорежисери (Л. Кулєшов, С. Ейзенштейн, В. Пудовкин, М. Ромм, А. Тарковський) та літературознавці (В. Шкловський, Ю. Тинянов, Ю. Лотман). Супровідними до них слід уважати кінематографічні засоби “план”, “ракурс” і “ритм”, розгляд яких включає також аналіз їх проявів у творах художньої літератури. Функціональність монтажу легше і точніше дослідити на даних історії його становлення та ставлення до нього. Тому ця розвідка присвячена початковим етапам розвитку кінематографу, зокрема його специфічних засобів, а також досягненням класиків кіно.
EN
Fiction and cinema are in the mode of constant interactive exchanges. At the initial stage of its formation as an art form, cinema not only actively borrowed, used and processed popular literary plots, but also transformed into its expressive system (poetics) purely literary means of expression. In its turn, fiction even before the advent of cinema used techniques that from a modern point of view can be classified as “cinematic”. In the process of developing its language (film poetics), the art of cinema not only “discovered”, transformed these means, but also expressed and improved them. As a result, the reverse effect arose and the poetics of cinema began to be integrated into the expressive and pictorial system of the art of speech, and especially actively from the 20s of last century. This process should be considered in the context of the synthesis of arts, the intensification of which took place at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when it was claimed that the art of the modern era acquired new forms of expression. In order to study the elements of film poetics in literary texts, it is necessary to thoroughly review the main components of film language, they are categories “editing” and “frame”, the first definitions of which were given by film directors (L. Kulieshov, S. Eizenshtein, V. Pudovkyn, M. Romm, A. Tarkovskyi). and literary critics (V. Shklovskyi, Yu. Tynianov, Yu. Lotman). Accompanying them should be considered cinematic means “plan”, “angle” and “rhythm”, the consideration of which includes the analysis of their manifestations in works of fiction. The functionality of the installation is easier and more accurate to explore the data of the history of its formation and attitude to it. Therefore, this exploration is devoted to the initial stages of development of cinema, in particular its specific means, as well as the achievements of the classics of cinema.
PL
W Unii Europejskiej zastosowanie miał zarówno proces planowania, jak i programowania. W ostatnich latach programowanie stało się podstawowym narzędziem konstruowania ładu rozwojowego państw członkowskich, szczególnie w ramach polityki strukturalnej. Poszczególne kraje, korzystające ze środków pomocowych wspólnoty, zobligowane są do uruchamiania programowania rozwoju opartego na standardach unijnych. Poszczególne rozwiązania organizacyjne, na poziomie kraju i danego okresu programowania, różnią się między sobą. Poprzez korzystanie z najlepszych efektów zastosowanych rozwiązań, w kolejnych latach dochodzi do ich ujednolicania. Programowanie Funduszy Strukturalnych zainicjowane zostało reformą przeprowadzoną w 1988 roku i odbywa się od tego czasu w sposób zintegrowany dla wszystkich funduszy oraz ma charakter wieloletni. W opracowaniu przedstawiono wymagania metodyczne stawiane przez KE wobec krajów członkowskich w dwóch kolejnych perspektywach finansowych na lata 2000-06 oraz 2007-13. Planowanie dotyczy szerszych zagadnień o charakterze horyzontalnym, obejmuje główne polityki UE tj. m.in. ochrony środowiska, konkurencyjności (zasad udzielania pomocy publicznej), równości płci, zatrudnienia, społeczeństwa informacyjnego, zamówień publicznych oraz gospodarki opartej na wiedzę. Z uwagi na powyższe w opracowaniu przedstawiono przegląd dokumentów planistycznych UE powstałych w ostatnich latach, a tworzących system planistyczny o charakterze horyzontalnym.
EN
In the European Union the process of both planning and programming has been applied. Within the past years programming has become the key instrument of drafting the development guidelines of the member states, notably within the structural policy. Individual countries, making use of the EU’s assistance funds are obliged to launch programming of regional development based on the Union’s standards. Particular organisational solutions concerning a country and a programming period are different from each other. However, by means of making use of the best possible results of the solutions applied, their realignment is achieved within the years. Programming Structural Funds was initiated by the reform enacted in 1998 and since then it has integrated all the funds and is of several years’ character. The research paper presents methodological requirements posed by the European Commission to member countries within two financial periods of 2000-06 and 2007-13. Planning concerns broader issues of horizontal nature, includes major policies of the EU, i.e. environmental protection, information society, public procurement and knowledge-based economy. Given the above the paper presents a review of the EU planning documents developed within recent years and constituting planning system of horizontal character.
EN
This article describes the management appraisal performance and development system in TP Group - its guidelines, the elements subject to appraisal, the process flow, and the supporting software tool. It also shows the links between this system and other HR processes. It presents benefits for employee, manager, and the organization flowing from the management appraisal performance and development system.
PL
Artykuł opisuje funkcjonujący w Grupie TP system kompleksowej oceny i rozwoju (SKOR) – jego założenia, elementy oceny, przebieg procesu i aplikację wpierającą ocenę. Przedstawia również powiązania pomiędzy tym systemem a innymi procesami HR. Prezentuje korzyści płynące ze SKOR dla pracownika, menedżera i organizacji.
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