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Reakcje roślin na deficyt fosforanów

100%
EN
Phosphorus is one of the essential minerals necessary for proper growth, metabolism and development of plants. In many soils in the world the deficiency of inorganic phosphates (Pi) is often observed. It is estimated that natural sources of this element, necessary for production of mineral fertilizers, will be exhausted within ten years. Knowledge of the availability of phosphate is very important in agricultural areas because phosphorus deficiency can significantly reduce the production of crops, mainly grains. This will cause higher costs of food production, especially in developing countries. Plants have evolved two basic types of adaptation to phosphate stress conditions. The first enables the absorption and uptake of Pi by the root system, other mechanisms allow for efficient use of the reduced pool of Pi. The assimilation of Pi can be increased through secretion of various substances by the roots, including the release of organic acids or enzymes – extracellular APases. The mycorrhiza and soil microorganisms also play an important role. Intracellular APases are involved in the release of Pi from internal resources of the plant.
PL
The paper discusses plant breeding in the flats of the Warsaw Housing Cooperative during the interwar period. The author analyses the articles offering advice on potted plants, raising the issue of greenery in the estates and the importance of nature in the lives of residents of urban estates, and attempts to reconstruct various meanings attributed to potted plants, practices associated with them and the ways in which they became part of a larger modernization and educational project.
EN
In recent years genetically modified plants have become a subject of discussion not only among scientists but among consumers and politicians as well. This is a controversial issue, mainly due to the conflicting information appearing in the media concerning the properties of these plants, their impact on human health, and how they function in the natural environment. A survey was conducted to learn the opinions of students of Lublin universities regarding the cultivation and applications of genetically modified crops. The students surveyed claim to be familiar with issues associated with GMOs and express a desire to learn more about the subject, although their main sources of information are the Internet and television. They also perceive the need for the government to conduct a reliable information campaign on this subject. Their opinions on GMO plants are ambivalent; they have concerns about the cultivation and use of GMO plants, but also perceive the benefits that this biotechnology could provide.
PL
W ostatnich latach temat genetycznie modyfikowanych roślin stał się obiektem dyskusji nie tylko naukowców ale także konsumentów i polityków. W opinii społecznej jest to zagadnienie kontrowersyjne, głównie ze względu na sprzeczność pojawiających się w mediach informacji dotyczących właściwości tych roślin, ich wpływu na zdrowie ludzi i funkcjonowanie w środowisku naturalnym. Przeprowadzono badania ankietowe w celu poznania opinii studentów lubelskich uczelni na temat uprawy i zastosowań roślin genetycznie modyfikowanych. Ankietowani studenci deklarują znajomość zagadnień związanych z GMO, wykazują chęć pogłębienia wiedzy na ten temat chociaż głównym źródłem wiedzy są dla nich Internet i telewizja. Zauważają też potrzebę działań podejmowanych przez rząd w celu rzetelnej kampanii informującej na ten temat. Ich opinie o roślinach GMO są ambiwalentne, mają obawy odnośnie do uprawy i stosowania roślin GMO, dostrzegają też korzyści jakie ta biotechnologia mogłaby przynieść.
EN
Introduction. The use of plants with therapeutic or medicinal properties is as ancient as human civilization and for many years prior to the 20th century, plants and animal products were the main source of therapeutic medicinal drugs. Aim. The discovery of new plant-derived drugs continues to be an active field of research in medical science today. The aim of this article is to describe several main classes of natural products currently under investigation. Material and methods. Analysis of literature.
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2018
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vol. 72
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issue 4(323)
296-298
PL
Artykuł prezentuje udział Mariusza Tchorka w powstaniu pierwszej polskiej mieszanki do zakładania łąk kwietnych. Autor artykułu stworzył taką mieszankę w roku 1999 po wizycie w Dobrem koło Kazimierza nad Wisłą, zainspirowany ogrodem zakładanym przez Tchorka.
EN
A presentation of the participation of Mariusz Tchorek in making the first Polish mixture of seeds for creating flower meadows. The author of the article produced such a mixture in 1999 after a visit in Dobre near Kazimierz on the Vistula, inspired by gardens laid out by Tchorek.
EN
The first Polish translation of Gargilius Martialis’ treatise Medicinae de holeribus et pomis (Medicines from Fruits and Vegetables) was published in 2016 by Tatiana Krynicka. The translation is accompanied by a valuable commentary which provides the reader with rich information on botanical, medical and dietetic issues, and shows how the 3rd-century Roman author drawn on his literary sources and how he was referred to by late antique writers.
EN
The article discusses The Flax, a fantasy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. In my reading, I focus on details of the tale’s text. I point out various contexts that expand and diversify the reading of the tale, such as: cultural, religious, biblical, artistic, literary and cinematic ones.
PL
The article discusses Łukasz Surowiec’s Berlin-Birkenau project under which the artist planted in Berlin several hundred birches from the area around the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. The goal of the work defined by the artist was to create living monuments of the Holocaust and to propose the changes in the dynamics of Polish-German relations. In the article, I propose interpreting Surowiec’s work through the symbolic role of birches in the history of Polish culture and environmental history of the Holocaust. Such interpretation reveals the ambiguity of the gesture of replanting trees, the inability to classify it as an act of giving responsibility to the Germans or Polish-German reconciliation.
EN
The Semantics of Wormwood in Non-Fictional Narratives about the Chernobyl DisasterThis article concerns the semantics of wormwood in the context of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. The study considers non-fictional narratives about this catastrophe from an ethnolinguistic and ethnobotanical perspective. The situational semantics of wormwood draws on the symbolism of this plant established in East Slavic folk culture and in the biblical tradition. In non-fictional narratives, however, this meaning is transformed (e.g. by limiting the semantic field) and interpreted in the context of apocalyptic prophecy. Semantyka leksemu piołun w niefikcjonalnych narracjach o katastrofie czarnobylskiejArtykuł dotyczy semantyki leksemu piołun w kontekście katastrofy w elektrowni atomowej w Czarnobylu. Materiałem badawczym są niefikcjonalne narracje o tej katastrofie, a zastosowane perspektywy badawcze wyznacza etnolingwistyka i etnobotanika. Sytuacyjne znaczenie leksemu piołun czerpie z symboliki tej rośliny utrwalonej we wschodniosłowiańskiej kulturze ludowej oraz w tradycji biblijnej. W badanych tekstach znaczenie to jest jednak przekształcane (m.in. przez ograniczenie pola semantycznego), a tym samym interpretowane w kontekście apokaliptycznego proroctwa.
EN
The World of Plants in the Dialectal Lexis of the Polish- Belarusian Borderland: An Analysis of A Dictionary of the Local Dialect of the Bielsk Podlaski Region (Słownik gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej)This article presents a lexical analysis of vocabulary related to plants used in the Polish-Belarusian borderland. Source material comes from A Dictionary of the Local Dialect of the Bielsk Podlaski Region (Słownik gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej / Slovnik hovu͡оrki b’el’sko-pudl’ashskuĭ) by Mikołaj Wróblewski. The method of semantic fields applied in the study made it possible to identify the following groups: (1) trees and shrubs (јалу͡овец’, кл’у́ква, лішчы́на); (2) grasses, herbs and flowering plants, vines (гурчы́ц’а, кон’ушы́на, піры͡еј, хву͡ошчка); (3) fruits and vegetables (а́γрест, ры͡епа, сала́та, цібу́л’а, чорні́ц’а); (4) cereals (јачмі͡ен’, кукуру́за, ове́с); (5) mushrooms (дро́пл’а, мухомо́ра, сіроjі͡ежка); (6) parts of plants (гу͡ол’ка, корене́ц’, стебло́); (7) habitats and plant communities (бере́зінка, джу́нгліја, пере́лісок); (8) other nouns (омела́, по́росл’, садзо́нка); (9) features, properties (вул’хо́вы, доздры͡елы, оры͡еховы, прысо́хлы); (10) processes, activities (вкорені́тіс’е, вы́цвісті, зопры͡еті, позел’ені͡еті). Świat roślin w leksyce gwarowej na pograniczu polsko-białoruskim (na materiale Słownika gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej)W artykule dokonano charakterystyki słownictwa z pogranicza polsko-białoruskiego, dotyczącego świata roślin. Materiał źródłowy zaczerpnięto ze Słownika gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej (Словніка гову͡оркі б’ел’ско-пудл’ашскуј) Mikołaja Wróblewskiego. Przy opisie posłużono się metodą pól semantycznych, która pozwoliła na wyodrębnienie następujących grup: 1. drzewa i krzewy (јалу͡овец’, кл’у́ква, лішчы́на); 2. trawy, rośliny zielne i kwiatowe, pnącza (гурчы́ц’а, кон’ушы́на, піры͡еј, хву͡ошчка); 3. owoce i warzywa (а́γрест, ры͡епа, сала́та, цібу́л’а, чорні́ц’а); 4. zboża (јачмі͡ен’, кукуру́за, ове́с); 5. grzyby (дро́пл’а, мухомо́ра, сіроjі͡ежка); 6. części roślin (гу͡ол’ка, корене́ц’, стебло́); 7. miejsca, zbiorowości (бере́зінка, джу́нгліја, пере́лісок); 8. inne nazwy rzeczownikowe (омела́, по́росл’, садзо́нка); 9. cechy, właściwości (вул’хо́вы, доздры͡елы, оры͡еховы, прысо́хлы); 10. procesy, czynności (вкорені́тіс’е, вы́цвісті, зопры͡еті, позел’ені͡еті).
EN
The Potocki family contributed greatly to Wilanów gardens in two fundamental aspects: they developed the landscape arrangement of the palace and park, and they created alarge collection of glasshouse and orangery plants. Exotic plants were grown in the garden grounds in an orangery, a conservatory for fig trees, two hothouses, a glasshouse and two conservatories for pineapples. Until now, the species composition of the plant collection was known only from fragmentary information in the press covering garden exhibitions, in which Countess Aleksandra Potocka was actively involved. The missing information was found in two previously unknown inventories of 1856 and 1857 kept in the collection of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw (AGAD). They contain lists of glasshouse and orangery plants prepared by the inspectors of the Wilanów gardens. The aim of the present research was to identify the reasons and conditions for the preparation of these inventories, and to characterize the plant species mentioned therein. Manuscripts were rewritten and decoded, and then analysed for historical aspects and detailed botanical information. The precise historical context of both documents was established after the comparison of historical plant names with the modern nomenclature, and a total of 763 plant species and varieties were identified. Most of these plants are native to tropical and subtropical regions of North America, South America or Asia. The extraordinary diversity and richness of the Wilanów collection of exotic plants indicates that the owners of the estate at that time, Count August Potocki and his wife Aleksandra, had a huge interest in botany and provided versatile forms of patronage to gardens.
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EN
This article deals with the designations of animals and plants in the titles of Czech and Czechoslovak films from the years 1898‒2010. This topic will also be part of the author’s forthcoming dissertation dealing with names of Czech films. There appeared 228 films which names includes the term of the lexical world of animals and plants in a total amount of 2,293 movie titles. There prevails mammals (and most of them dog and cat), as regards the plants, most often are flowers and herbs. In terms of form there were mostly nouns, adjectival forms were rare. There also appeared several zoonyms besides appellatives. In view of the importance of collected names it can be aside the original meanings of the designations of animals, names with anthroponymic function, no anthroponymic metaphorical designations of persons and group nicknames.
13
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O Rodných jménech motivovaných označením rostlin

75%
Acta onomastica
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2012
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vol. 53
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issue 1
46-65
EN
Many names motivated by designations of flowers and plants belong to a very archaic layer of anthroponyms. They were created as protecting names (demons should believe that a person with name motivated by designation of flower is a flower itself) and later they had characterization or predestination functions. Flowers had many symbolical meanings (ancient and medieval Christian) which could influence proper names as well (e. g. the name Rose meant not only „rose“ but also „beauty“ and „love“ – i. e. the symbolical meanings of rose). First names motivated by designations of flowers and plants were very popular in the 19th century, in a period of „flowers of speech“ fashion. In English many new names motivated by designations of flowers and plants (especially female) were created at that time. In our country, Czech names motivated by designations of flowers and plants (e. g. Růžena „rose“) were popular in the 1930s and 1940s, then they rapidly fell out of vogue. Some names motivated by designations of flowers and plants are not used anymore (e. g. Eglantine) but other ones are made up nowadays (e. g. Apple).
PL
Rośliny psychoaktywne towarzyszą człowiekowi od tysię- cy lat. Początkowo używane przez kapłanów i medyków w celach rytualnych i leczniczych, dzisiaj stanowią problem społeczny, prowadząc do uzależnienia i śmierci wielu ludzi. W Polsce zasady i tryb postępowania w zakresie przeciwdziałania narkomanii określa ustawa z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii wraz z późniejszymi zmianami. Obejmuje ona substancje otrzymywane na drodze syntezy chemicznej, kilkanaście roślin, w tym od dawna znany mak lekarski i konopie siewne, ich przetwory oraz związki wyizolowane z roślin. Substancje roślinne wprowadzone do ustawy podczas nowelizacji 20 marca 2009 roku nie były dotychczas znane w Polsce. Problem ich dostępności w naszym kraju pojawił się od roku 2008, kiedy wchodziły jeszcze w skład legalnie rozprowadzanych tzw. „dopalaczy”. Stan wiedzy odnośnie efektów biologicznych wywoływanych przez włączone do ustawy rośliny jest niewielki. Brakuje informacji na temat mechanizmów działania związków czynnych¸ a niekiedy nie są znane związki odpowiedzialne za efekt psychoaktywny. Brak świadomości konsekwencji zdrowotnych w perspektywie dłuższego zażywania tych substancji powoduje, że stanowią one duże zagrożenie dla młodych ludzi, chętnie eksperymentujących z nowymi narkotykami. W pracy opisano 16 roślin psychoaktywnych wprowadzonych do ustawy: Argyreia nervosa, Banisteriopsis caapi, Calea zacatechichi, Catha edulis, Echinopsis pachanoi, Kava kava, Leonotis leonurus, Mimosa tenuiflra, Mitragyna speciosa, Nymphaea caerulea, Peganum harmala, Psychotria viridis, Rivea corymbosa, Salvia divinorum, Tabernanthe iboga, Trichocereus peruvianus.
EN
Psychoactive plants have been a part of human life for ages. Used by priests and healers for ritual and medical purposes in the past, at present, psychoactive plants pose a social problem leading to addiction and death of many people. In Poland a July 29, 2005 act and alterations of thereof defie the principles and the course of action in counteracting drug addiction. The act concerns substances obtained in the process of chemical synthesis, a dozen or so plants, including opium poppy and marihuana, opium poppy and marihuana products, and compounds isolated from plants. Plant substances included in an alteration to a March 20, 2009 act had not been known in Poland before. Problems with the availability of those substances occurred in Poland in 2008, when those substances, called then “designer drugs” or “legal highs,” were considered to be legal. Little is known about the biological effcts caused by the plants included in the act. There is a lack of information about the mechanisms of actions of effctual compounds and about compounds responsible for psychoactive inflence. A lack of awareness of health consequences stemming from taking those substances for a longer time poses a threat to young people willing to experiment with new narcotics. This essay will describe 16 psychoactive plants included in the act: Argyreia nervosa, Banisteriopsis caapi, Calea zacatechichi, Catha edulis, Echinopsis pachanoi, Kava kava, Leonotis leonurus, Mimosa tenuiflra, Mitragyna speciosa, Nymphaea caerulea, Peganum harmala, Psychotria viridis, Rivea corymbosa, Salvia divinorum, Tabernanthe iboga, Trichocereus peruvianus.
EN
The article was inspired by the essays of George Simmel, the German philosopher who wrote " Bridge and door" and the book by Douwe Draaisma, the Dutch theoretician of memory, "The Fabric of nostalgia. About the phenomenon of mature memory" (2010). I discuss the phenomenon of the autobiographical memory of the poet, or reminiscence. Representation of this memory in the poetry of Białoszewski has been featured in examples: anamnesis, commemoration, oblivion. Botanical themes fulfil the features of the medium for memory.  
PL
Artykuł został zainspirowany esejami Georga Simmla, niemieckiego filozofa (Most i drzwi) oraz książką Douwego Draaismy, holenderskiego teoretyka pamięci, Fabryka nostalgii. O fenomenie pamięci wieku dojrzałego (2010). Omawiam zjawisko osobistych wspomnień poety, czyli reminiscencje. Reprezentacja pamięci w poezji Białoszewskiego została przedstawiona na przykładach: anamnezy, upamiętnienia, zapomnienia. Botaniczne motywy pełnią tu funkcję medium pamięci.
EN
The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the number of plants and fl owers wholesale companies in Poland. Analyses focused on the number of fi rms engaged in wholesale trade and the structure of employment in these companies. The investigations also included the location of the analysed companies in relation to the number of people in each voivodeship. Research period covered the years 2002-2012. The fi rst year of the analysed period was referred to as of 100%. The dynamics of changes and average annual changes in the number of existing companies and start-ups were analysed. The Główny Urząd Statystyczny yearbooks, and i.a. the ones of the Polska Klasyfi kacja Działalności [the abbreviation in Polish: PKD], served as data sources. The performed investigations reveal that the number of fi rms of the discussed line of business in the investigated period increased very clearly and this rise took the form of a linear trend. What is more, the number of the wholesale companies in particular voivodeships matched the agglomerations of consumers.
PL
Celem opracowania była ocena zmian zachodzących w handlu hurtowym roślinami i kwiatami w Polsce. Szczegółowo analizowano dane dotyczące liczby przedsię- biorstw w tej branży, strukturę zatrudnienia w tych fi rmach, a także aspekty związane z lokalizacją przestrzenną i koncentracją na rynku. Okres badawczy obejmował lata 2002-2012. Badano dynamikę zmian (przyjmując za 100% pierwszy rok badanego okresu) oraz średnie roczne zmiany w liczbie istniejących i nowo powstających przedsiębiorstw. Wyznaczono również współczynnik lokalizacji Florence’a (F), stosowany między innymi do oceny rozmieszczenia przedsiębiorstw w stosunku do skupisk konsumentów. Źródłem danych były roczniki GUS, w tym Polskiej Klasyfi kacji Działalności (PKD). Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że liczba fi rm z omawianej branży w badanym okresie wyraźnie wzrastała, w postaci trendu liniowego rosnącego. Ponadto liczba hurtowni w poszczególnych województwach była dopasowana do skupisk lokalnych konsumentów.
PL
Autorzy prezentują materiały zebrane w okolicach Biłgoraja w maju 1990 podczas obozu naukowego. Teksty te nazywają „relacjami”, by podkreślić ich jedność tematyczną, przy zróżnicowanym charakterze gatunkowym. Wszystkie mają odniesienie do tematyki zwierzęcej i roślinnej. Na teksty-relacje składają się w pewnej części znane gatunki folkloru, takie jak pieśni, zagadki, przysłowia, podania, bajki, opowieści wierzeniowe, w większości jednak są to zapisy tekstów niekliszowanych, a więc jeszcze nie folkloryzowanych. Owe teksty to także opowiadania potoczne informujące o ludowych praktykach leczniczych, o wierzeniach, na których praktyki te się opierają, przeważnie uzyskiwane w toku wywiadów przeprowadzonych z użyciem kwestionariusza. Przedstawiają topikę ludową, tj. zespoły ustalonych stereotypowych sądów przekonaniowych o świecie zwierząt i roślin.
EN
The authors present the materials collected in the area of Biłgoraj in May 1990 during a field trip. They call these texts 'accounts' in order to highlight their thematic uniformity, despite their generic differences. All of the texts have references to animals and plants. These texts-accounts consist of, to a certain degree, the well-known genres of folklore, such as songs, riddles, proverbs, spoken accounts, tales, accounts of religious beliefs [opowieści wierzeniowe]; however, the records mainly consist of non-standard accounts, and as such are not yet considered to be folklorized. The texts in question consist also of common stories that provide information about folk medicine practices and the beliefs they are based in; the pieces of information in question were obtained with the use of the questionnaire. They present folk topos, i.e. the set of stereotypical belief judgements about the world of animals and plants.
PL
The article describes Karolina Grzywnowicz’s Chwasty (Weeds) project. In order to provoke the recipients to reflect on the life of the resettled people, the artist cut out a piece of the Bieszczady meadow and transferred it to Warsaw, where the installation was accidentally mowed. Attempting to answer the question why Weeds were destroyed, we examine how accurate the artist’s recognition is that the Bieszczady landscape is a carrier of memory of the resettled people, and then we prove that the part of the meadow, which in the Bieszczady co-created the keenly practiced landscape, is alienated and transformed into a commodity, and thus it loses its culture-forming functions. The project and the concept of landscape closely related to it are analysed from two complementary perspectives: field experience and anthropology of art.
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