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EN
Analysis of Roman sea loan from the modern perspective of Project Finance has been now conducted in the relation to the methods of gaining profit. In pecunia traiecticia interest where considered not as a remuneration for usage of creditors money but as the price for taking over the risk by the creditor. Thus the Latin phrase periculi pretium (D. 22,2,5) has become so famous. The unique character of the interest caused the evolution of the legal construction of the sea loan. At first it was necessary to agree on the fenus nauticum in the stipulation added to the loan. Then, jurisprudence confirmed the possibility of suing debtor for interest also on the ground of the mere pactum. Another aspect of the sea loan which implies the similarity with Project Finance was the privileged position of interest which were not constrained by the legal limits of interest as in the case of typical mutuum. Strict connection between the contract of sea loan and the risky venture one can easily notice when taking into consideration that the agents of creditor were participating in that venture together with the debtor. Moreover, the creditor received not only the loan and the interest but also a remuneration for time which his slaves spent with the debtor. The additional stipulation for agents participation and the character of liability of debtor’s heirs provide a new perspective of the sea loan as a mean to finance risky ventures in antiquity. Modern Project Finance resembles to high extent the ancient solution and that enables further studies on the topic.
PL
Koszty budowy, zakupu, remontu czy też eksploatacji statku, w szczególności związane z opłatami portowymi, paliwem, wynagrodzeniem dla załogi oraz jej utrzymaniem w trakcie rejsu były bardzo wysokie, dlatego też właściciele statku celem sfinansowania planowanych działań zaciągali kredyty i pożyczki pod zastaw statku lub ładunku. Niewątpliwie rozwój transportu morskiego na przełomie XIX i XX w. przyczynił się do międzynarodowej unifikacji prawa morskiego w zakresie przywilejów na statku i hipoteki morskiej. Potrzeba ujednolicenia przepisów wynikała bowiem z konieczności realnego zapewnienia wierzycielom zaspokojenia ich roszczeń, bowiem różnorodność przepisów poszczególnych państw, szczególnie ilość przywilejów morskich, która powstała pod rządem różnych systemów prawnych, oraz hierarchia ich stosowania ograniczały znaczenie instytucji hipoteki morskiej. Treść przepisów międzynarodowych stała się podstawą do kształtowania polskich przepisów dotyczących rzeczowych zabezpieczeń wierzytelności morskich w okresie PRL. Dodać wypada, iż prawo morskie okresu międzywojennego w dostępnej literaturze przedmiotu jest jedynie sygnalizowane, zatem niniejsze opracowanie ubogaca publikacje dotyczące wierzytelności morskich.
EN
The costs of construction, purchase, renovation or operation of the ship, in particular related to port fees, fuel, crew pay and maintenance during the cruise were very high, therefore the owners of the vessel to finance the planned activities took loans against the ship or cargo . Undoubtedly, the development of maritime transport at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the international unification of maritime law with regard to shipboard privileges and maritime mortgage. The need to harmonize the regulations resulted from the necessity of real assurance for creditors to satisfy their claims, because the diversity of regulations of individual countries, especially the number of maritime privileges that arose under the government of various legal systems and the hierarchy of their application limited the significance of the maritime mortgage institution. The content of international regulations became the basis for shaping Polish regulations regarding tangible security of maritime claims in the period of the PRL. It should be added that the maritime law of the interwar period in the available literature of the subject is only signaled, therefore this publication enriches publications on maritime claims.
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