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EN
The article discusses the problem of invisibility in the context of visual arts. An outline of six types of artistic activities in which invisibility or the artist’s disappearance plays a pivotal role is followed by a presentation of artistic practices called a strategy of mimicry. The latter consists in enacting by artists such jobs as a waitress, a cleaner or a sales representative and regarding these occupations as artistic activities. The tendencies are discussed based on Stephen Wright’s conception of ‘escapology’ and Julia Bryan Wilson’ ‘occupational realism’. The article raises questions concerning ethical repercussion of these activities and the fluid status of their identity, which, according to the author, paradoxically leads to evoking the Romantic figure of the artist.
PL
Artykuł omawia zagadnienie niewidzialności w kontekście sztuk wizualnych. Po zarysowaniu sześciu typów działań artystycznych, w których niewidzialność lub zniknięcie artysty odgrywają kluczową rolę, przedstawione zostają praktyki artystyczne określone przez autora strategią mimikry. Polegają one na wykonywaniu przez artystów zawodów jak kelnerka, sprzątaczka czy przedstawiciel handlowy – i traktowaniu tych ich jako działań artystycznych. Tendencje te omówione zostają na przykładzie koncepcji „eskapologii” Stephena Wrighta oraz „realizmu okupacyjnego” Julii Bryan Wilson. W artykule zostają przestawione wątpliwości dotycząca etycznego wydźwięku tych działań oraz płynnego statusu ich tożsamości, który – zdaniem autora – prowadzi paradoksalnie do ewokowania romantycznej figury twórcy.
EN
Over the last hundred years, the icon has traveled a lot around the world. Such journey of the icon in so many directions would not be possible without its rediscovery in the East. Signs of its return as a cult object and art phenomenon can be seen as early on the brink of the 19th and 20th centuries, when an icon ceased to be – as it was in the past named – a “black board”. It could be seen now, owing to the work of conservators, freed from the layers covering it throughout the years. There was no “curtain” covering it any more. There was no black. We could yet again “contemplate it in colors”. Because of the “rediscovery” of the icon and its consecutive journey through its native Eastern Orthodox world, both the Christian East and West became artistically prepared to receive it. Theological preparations were in motion as well, mainly due to – written mostly in Western Europe – fundamental philosophical and theological treaties and pioneering realizations of sacred art, icons and architecture. They unveiled the “secret life” of the icon, not only as a unique and sublime art form, element of culture and the history of Church, but also a phenomenal philosophical and theological beacon. The icon has proven its “ability to speak”. Just as text in its semiotic transmitting principle, so did the icon, through real symbols of the supernatural reality of the world of God, hand us a testament of this world and the struggle for Salvation anew. This testament has proven itself to be predominant over the many other ways of expressing spiritual aspirations of man. Soon everyone found it out. It was not only through the newly discovered colors, although they might have been responsible for this unveiling. Inverted pers pective, geometric abstraction, symbolic message, sign character, multitude of layers and space-time perception – these are just some of its unique ways of articulating the message. Today, from a certain historical distance, it can be unequivocally stated that the life of the then underground icon and the treatises written about it should be clearly associated with France, and especially with Paris and its Orthodox Theological Institute of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Just as discoveries made by conservators allowed us to see the icon free from layers and repaintings covering the Archetype, so did the rediscovery of the icon, not only for the orthodox world, but also the Christian and the whole oikumene, begin on polish grounds by Jerzy Nowosielski. Nowosielski has finished his icons. He does not write them anymore. He left hundreds or maybe even thousands of them. He left behind his artwork, ingenious in their iconographical-theological and architectural value, in Orthodox churches as well as in Roman Catholic and Uniate churches. He left behind also hundreds of sketches and designs as well as unfinished sacred projects. With their great potential, they are the live tradition of polish sacral art. This tradition and the heritage of the precursors of the contemporary iconography is in some manner continued by the orthodox school of icon writing – Iconographical Study at Archangel Michael’s parish in Bielsk Podlaski and its teachers and student-graduates. The icon through ages of its history on earth has journeyed a long way, both through time and through space. It still does. At present, it can be observed not only in Christian West, where it is welcomed “anew” as a form of sacral communication and partly as a cult symbol and theological phenomenon. It can be observed also, though in a slightly different form, in the Christian East, where the icon experienced and still experiences certain issues. For not more than a hundred years ago, the idea of the icon was faint at most. A true dispute over the icon lasts up to this day within the Orthodox Church, between the supporters of its classical and pseudo realistic form, the true icon and its centenarian naturalistic, occidental image. A dispute so important, for the icon is one of the visible signs of the Orthodox Church’s existence. It is an object of cult. It is a testimony of Incarnation and the mystery play of presence. It does not contain. It “guides” us on the path to the heavenly Archetype. It is the path to deification and salvation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiona została sytuacja i rozwój zakonów katolickich na sowieckiej Litwie po ich likwidacji w latach czterdziestych. Jako punkt zwrotny w powojennych dziejach zgromadzeń zakonnych potraktowany został Sobór Watykański II, a szczególnie jego nauczanie, odnoszące się do życia zakonnego. Najwięcej miejsca w artykule poświęcono właśnie okresowi posoborowemu: latom siedemdziesiątym i osiemdziesiątym na Litwie. Analiza oparta jest na źródłach archiwalnych, powstałych zarówno w strukturach władzy (przede wszystkim KGB), jak i w środowisku poszczególnych zakonów. Zostały też wykorzystane relacje ustne, zapisane w na potrzeby różnych badań. Uwzględniona została nie tylko sytuacja zakonów na Litwie. Ważnym czynnikiem przemian posoborowych była odbudowa lub nawiązanie kontaktów z Kościołem powszechnym za „żelazną kurtyną”, co czasem działo się poprzez kontakty w innych krajach bloku sowieckiego (Polska, Niemcy Wschodnie). Paradoksalnie, nawiązanie takich kontaktów, szczególnie w przypadku zgromadzeń żeńskich, okazało się łatwiejsze niż stworzenie jakiejś współpracy między polskimi a litewskimi wspólnotami zakonnymi, gdyż nie utrzymywały i nie próbowały nawiązać żadnych wzajemnych relacji w okresie sowieckim. Artykuł skoncentrowany jest przede wszystkim na „litewskiej” części życia zakonnego. Odbywało się ono w warunkach podziemnych, co ograniczało dostęp do wiedzy na temat nauczania soborowego i wpływało na możliwości i specyfikę wprowadzenia go w życie. Mimo to większość zakonów podjęła wysiłki zmierzające do odnowy i poprawy jakości formacji kandydatów, lepszego przygotowania teologicznego zakonników i zakonnic, budowania i potrzymania więzi wspólnotowych w zgromadzeniach. Takie wysiłki podjęły liczne zgromadzenia żeńskie. Wśród męskich szczególnie zaangażowani byli jezuici i marianie. Te dwie kongregacje jako pierwsze zbudowały trwałe kontakty ze swoimi ośrodkami poza Litwą, co wpłynęło na dynamikę wprowadzania zmian posoborowych w tych właśnie wspólnotach. W innych zgromadzeniach męskich (franciszkanie, salezjanie, dominikanie) ożywienie nastąpiło później – dopiero w drugiej połowie lat osiemdziesiątych.
PL
Peripheries of Martial Law? - the Case of the Voiovdeship of SieradzThe presented text intends to describe breakthrough events and processes in the socio–political history of post–war Poland from the viewpoint of terrains located along the peripheries of the chief current of events of the period. The author wondered to what extent could the paradigm of universal resistance against the communist authorities be applied in regions situated outside the prime centres of contestation. In doing so, he transferred his reflections to the reality of the marital law period and the range of the former voivodeship of Sieradz. The point of departure for the ensuing deliberations is a depiction of the specificity of a totally agricultural area, only slightly urbanised, and with no structure of the pre–August opposition. Next, the author considered the period of the ”Solidarity Revolution” in those terrains, and, finally, concentrated his attention on analysing phenomena that can be regarded as a symptom of social resistance against the governance of the Military Council of National Salvation (WRON). The text ends with an attempt at a balance sheet of the described phenomena, conducted with the help of the social sciences, i.e. the conception of “group contestation”.
PL
Artykuł opisuje formy działalności konspiracyjnej i zbrojnej poszczególnych polskich organi-zacji ruchu narodowego oraz specyfikę ich funkcjonowania w czasach okupacji niemieckiej 1939-1944 oraz w pierwszych latach okupacji sowieckiej 1944-1950. Autorka prezentuje linię programową tych formacji konspiracyjnych, zaś jako teren badań wybrała powiat siedlecki, gdzie podziemie narodowe działało w sposób bardzo aktywny, posiadając wielu sympatyków i szeroką bazę społeczną. Ramy chronologiczne artykułu wyznaczają początek oraz koniec podziemia narodowego zarówno w Polsce, jak i na terenie powiatu siedleckiego. Głównym celem pracy jest charakterystyka działalności konspiracji i podziemia szeroko pojętego obozu narodowego w powiecie siedleckim w czasie II wojny światowej i w latach tzw. II konspiracji, która oznacza działalność przeciwko sowieckiemu zniewoleniu.
EN
The article describes the forms of conspiratorial and armed activity of selected Polish nation-alist organizations and the specificity of its functioning during the Soviet occupation of 1944-1950. The author presents the program line of these underground formations, and as the research area she chooses the Siedlce poviat, where the nationalist underground operated very actively, having many supporters and a broad social base. The chronological framework of the article marks the beginning and the end of the national underground both in Poland and in the poviat of Siedlce. The main purpose of the work is the characteristic of the activity of the underground and nationalist underground in the Siedlce poviat during the Second World War and in the so-called Second Conspiracy, what stands for the activity against the Soviet enslavement.
EN
The sergeant Jan Grudziński, alias "Płomień" (eng. „Flame”) was born on the 23rd December 1914 in Kąkolewnica. Just before the outbreak of the war, he had served in the 6th Sapper Battalion of the 9th Infantry Division. He fought in the September Campaign. When the campaign had been finished he managed to avoid captivity and settled in his hometown of Rudnik. Jan Grudziński began his underground activity probably in 1941. After the establishment of the ZWZ-AK (The Union of Armed Struggle - Home Army), he conformed to the structures of that organization in Radzyń Podlaski’s District. The activity conducted at that time was focusing on combating informers and gangs, building an intelligence network, organizing sabotage and distributing underground newspapers. The "Flame" took part in the "Burza" operation (eng. Operation „Tempest”). He had participated in battles with the Germans until the 35th Infantry Regiment of the Home Army was disarmed by the Soviets. After the dissolution of the Home Army, he did not reveal himself and continued his struggle with the communist regime as a part of the Resistance Movement, and then the Freedom and Independence Organization. He was in charge of the militia unit in the IV region. Then he was promoted to the rank of sergeant. He took part in the attack on Radzyń Podlaski on New Year's Eve in 1946. After the falsified election, he revealed himself on the commander of the district order, but he hid a part of the weapon. Arrested in July 1947 by the communist Security Office, he was imprisoned in the Castle in Lublin and subjected to a brutal investigation. He was sentenced to death with the verdict of the Military District Court. After the execution, the body of Jan Grudziński was secretly buried, probably in the cemetery at Unicka Street in Lublin.
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