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EN
The aim of this paper is to bring a set of specific semantic features which profile both a pupil and a pupil’s perception of a teacher. This issue is manifested at several levels and in various aspects of the concept of SEEING in Slovak linguistic world view. The study seeks to examine this subject in view of the statements collected in the questionnaire survey conducted on 10-14‑year‑old high school students. Therefore, the author focuses on the adolescent pupil, his or her perception of the school environment, and the selection of perceived object properties.
PL
The article is a part of a more extensive linguistic project exploring the concept of ‘empathy’ and its exponents in the present-day Polish (Falkowska 2012, 2017, 2018). The analysis is based on a corpus compiled out of Polish media texts concerning the tragic Nanga Parbat expedition (January 2018). Selected Internet posts and social media comments have also been included. My focus is on empathy understood along the lines set by Kuno (1987), i.e. the speaker’s identification with one of the scene’s participants. The paper aims at depicting the linguistic means that are applied in order to communicate the speaker’s empathy towards a scene participant. The study employs Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar model (1987, 2009) and the cognitive discourse analysis framework (Hart 2014), with special reference to the notions of empathy, empathy hierarchy and point of view.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the linguistic image of Polish scholars and research- ers whose profiles, biographies and obituaries were published in the Warsaw weekly newspaper Wędrowiec (Traveller) in the second half of the nineteenth century. Ana- lysing the collected texts, the author distinguished a set of seven aspects which were taken into account by the journalists of Wędrowiec to present the profiles of the schol- ars. Those aspects are the following: the subject of research, scientific achievements, journalistic and publishing activities, didactic and educational activities, science-pro- moting activities, organisational activities, awards and distinctions. They were deter- mined by the points of view adopted by the authors of the texts. There are three domi- nant points of view: the one of an expert, a Pole and a positivist. These points of view coexist and complement each other. The expert and specialist informed the reader in detail about the scientific career and achievements of the scholars. The Polish publi- cist expressed his joy at the international success of his countrymen. He observed their research and scientific achievements with attention; especially those that influenced the development of fields important for the country. The positivist and journalist noticed and emphasised the utilitarian dimension of the scientific and research activities of the scholars.
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
277-289
EN
The article concerns the creation of distinct perceptions of the world in the press. The analyzed articles on the dispute over the Smolensk cross have been published in the following newspapers: "Gazeta Wyborcza" and "Gazeta Polska". The main purpose of the mentioned work is to prove that the same event might be described in various ways depending on a given perspective. The author describes strategies which are used by editors in order to present events related to Smolensk Cross by their own view. The mentioned strategies regard: citing, direct inducement and evaluation. The last strategy is divided into other plans of action: building dichotomous vision of the world, trivializing, assigning unique and inferior positions. The description of the difference between the visions of the world leads to the recognition of the mechanism used in the press manipulation.
EN
This study seeks to identify three different meanings of the term ‘point of view’ and it attempts to define a specific concept, i.e. point of view, focalization, and perspective, for each of them. It proposes that point of view should be understood in terms of ideological beliefs which can be assigned to any subject of a narrative text. Focalization is perceived as a specific discursive method of presenting a fictional world through a focal subject, which is constituted using the same distinctive features of language as a narrative subject, with the exception of the first grammatical person. The focal subject thus mediates the fictional world, although it cannot be a narrator. Finally, perspective should refer to a spatial layout of a fictional world from the position of the focus of depiction situated within the fictional world; it can also be identified using distinctive features of language.
PL
Kim są święci w tradycyjnym folklorze rosyjskim, swoi czy obcy? Autor wychodząc z założenia, że granice między sferą swojskości i obcości są ruchome i zależą nie tylko od charakteryzowanego obiektu, ale też od subiektywnego punktu widzenia, odpowiada na postawione pytanie, analizując materiał zebrany w obwodzie archangielskim (a znajdujący się w archiwum Państwowego Rosyjskiego Uniwersytetu Humanistycznego, RGGU). Przyjmuje, że kategoria SWÓJ może być pojmowana dwojako, relatywnie (swój to ktoś należący do tej samej grupy co my; odpowiednie zaimki to mój, nasz) i posesywne (swój, swoje to ktoś lub coś, należące do podmiotu) i rozważa, jak w rozumieniu tradycyjnym ma się świętość i święci do opozycji swój / obcy? Odpowiedź nie jest jednoznaczna. Święci pozostają bowiem w bliskim związku z takimi kategoriami świata pozaludzkiego, jak Bóg, postaci mitologiczne i demoniczne, zmarli, i wykazują nadludzkie zdolności, ale równocześnie są traktowani jak ludzie, przynależni do określonych społeczności, swoi (por określenie russkij bog). Wniosek końcowy: Święci zajmują miejsce pośrednie między światem ludzi i zaświatami, dokładniej: są równocześnie reprezentantami jednego i drugiego, a to w rozumieniu ludowym nadaje kontaktom z nimi szczególną wartość.
EN
Who are saints in the traditional Russian folklore, do they belong to us or to them? With the assumption that the boundaries between what is familiar and what is foreign are unstable and depend not only on the object but also on the subjective point of view, the author answers the question with an analysis of the material collected in the Arkhangelsk region (now in the archives of the Russian National Humanist University). He assumes that the category of “us” may be understood in two ways: relatively (somebody who belongs to the same group as we do; the relevant pronouns: my, our) and possessively (someone or something that belongs to the subject). The author further investigates how saints and sainthood relate to the “us them” opposition. There is no unambiguous answer. Saints are closely connected to categories of afterlife, such as God, mythological and demonic figures, the dead; they exhibit superhumam powers. At the same time, they are treated as humans, belonging to specific communities (cf. russkiy bog ‘Russian God’). Thus, saints occupy a middle position between the world of humans and the world beyond; more exactly, they are representatives of both, which in folk understanding makes relations with them valuable in a peculiar way.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odtworzenie (utrwalonego w języku i kulturze) obrazu drzewa, które w tradycji ludowej jest niezwykle silnie obciążone ładunkiem „niesamowitości”, mianowicie – osiki. Obraz osiki utrwalony w języku i kulturze ludowej jest konsekwencją pewnego nadrzędnego przyporządkowania tego drzewa do drzew złych (jedyne drzewo, które się trzęsie), powiązanych z diabłem, istotami o medialnej naturze i wszelkimi szkodliwymi mocami (magią). Podporządkowanie takie zostało utrwalone (częściowo) w nazwach tego drzewa zróżnicowanych terytorialnie. Układ kategorii i ich wypełnienie określoną treścią świadczy o tym, że obraz osiki jest rezultatem swoiście interpretowanych zjawisk otaczającego świata i oddaje punkt widzenia człowieka stykającego się z przyrodą i zastanawiającego się nad wszystkim, co w przyrodzie nieoczekiwane, tajemnicze i nie do końca objaśnione.
EN
The aim of the article is to recreate the image of the tree (rooted in language and culture), which has a strong charge of 'incredibility' in the folk tradition, namely, the image of the aspen. The view of the aspen perpetuated in folk language and culture is the consequence of a certain superordinate assignment of this tree to the category of evil trees (the only tree that trembles), related to the devil, creatures of a mediatory nature, and all kinds of evil forces (magic). Such a perception has been (partly) perpetuated in the diverse names of this tree that depend on the region a given name can be found. The arrangement of the categories and their particular content shows that the view of the aspen is the result of the phenomena of the outside world that are interpreted in a peculiar way, and also reflects the vantage point of a human being that comes in contact with nature and wonders about everything in nature that is unexpectable, mysterious, and not full explained.
EN
The article is an analysis of Swietlana Alexievich’s book Chernobyl Prayer. A Chronicle of the Future and aims to examine its predominant narrative strategies. The author points to the role of monologues, mottos, irony, titles, and subtitles, which help to describe the process of showing the witness’ point of view and, simultaneously, Alexievich’s interpretation of the gathered data.
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The aim of the article is to analyse the particularity of second-person narratives in non-fiction. Their special status results from the fact that telling another person his or her own story is a convention in fiction but occurs rarely in everyday communication. In non-fiction narratives, the problem of different perspectives (of the narrator and the addressee) is particularly valid, i.e. often the point of view of the narrative “you” is only a disguised point of view of the “I.” The analysis of A Man by Oriana Fallaci shows the shift from the melting of perspectives to an evident distance. In Hanna Krall’s Hamlet, the “I” presents the “you” with an ultimate interpretation of his life.
EN
In this paper I will envisage the relationship between narrative modalities and point of view with the help of the narratological theory of Christo Todorov, who is a representative of the Bulgarian Guillaumist school. First, I will point to the multimodality of narrative modal logic with its combination of different types of modal categories (alethic, deontic, volitive, etc.). Then I will introduce Christo Todorov’s distinction between modal and transmodal categories, according to which modality (ability, desire, obligation) is what characterises the actions and transmodality (perception, emotion, intellection) is what characterises the subject of action. Along with Todorov I will claim that there are both modal and transmodal points of view, but unlike him I will define the point of view based not on the subject-image but on the directedness it introduces. My point will be that there is a double direction of the point of view: on the one hand, the direction of the subject to the object, and, on the other, the direction from one modality to another. This double direction, I will argue, is at the very basis of narrative logic, or of what I would call the ‘narrative potentiality.’
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On the Zero Viewpoint in Drama

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EN
The author discusses the question of the so-called zero viewpoint in the context of the presence of epic elements in the dramatic text. Using the category of perspective in her study, she observes that one of the characteristic features of drama is the intersection of dramatic background and the protagonist’s perspective. Contrary to the traditionally accepted view, the author argues that it is natural for drama to position the addressee not simply outside or inside the dramatic microcosm but at the point of a permanent intersection of these two lines. It is this moment of overlap between the extra- and intra-textual perspectives that she defines as the zero viewpoint. The variety of solutions by means of which this perspective can be achieved is demonstrated on excerpts she analyses from Bolesław Leśmian’s The Possessed Fiddler, Tadeusz Różewicz’s The Trap, and Marian Pankowski’s Camping Rough.
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The Point of View (in Four Ways)

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EN
The article aims to analyse four important point of view novels, namely Henry James’ The Ambassadors, Zasypie wszystko, zawieje [Everything Will Be Covered by the Snow] by Włodzimierz Odojewski, The Flanders Road by Claude Simon, and Morfina [Morphine] by Szczepan Twardoch. The notion of point of view serves as a starting point for considering the epistemological aspects of the novel and for tracing its evolution. James, both in his theory and novelistic practice, uses the point of view to make the character’s consciousness the main theme of his novels. Odojewski employs internal monologue to render the characters’ perspective, while Simon combines internal monologue with other voices. Finally, Twardoch’s novel can be interpreted as a parody of the point of view technique.
EN
The article examines the notion of point of view (POV) in translation by drawing on examples from selected Polish translations of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado. First, the paper deals with the question of narratologically-oriented research in translation studies and outlines a short history of the concept of point of view with an overview of definitions proposed by literary scholars. It is argued that recent linguistic analyses of point of view have contributed to examining the notion of POV in literary translations. The article also systematises different research approaches that have been developed to study “point of view in translation.” Finally, the paper follows the linguistically-oriented conception of point of view in order to examine translation shifts with regard to the linguistic indicators of POV, including time markers and modality, based on examples from Polish translations of Poe’s short story.
EN
The author addresses the issue of how peculiarities of Gogol’s narrative style can be retained in the translations of “Petersburg Stories” and “Dead Souls”, with special focus on the attitude of the narrator towards what is reported. The main attention is paid to constructions with the qualificator russkij ‘Russian’ referring to phenomena deeply rooted in Russian culture and, on the face of it, serving to highlight the national “local color”. Still, on a closer inspection one finds that, contrary to expectations, relevant constructions reflect alienation of the narrator with respect to reported events, being a kind of exoticisms and thus additionally complicating translation. It is well-advised for Gogol’s translators to be mindful of this special variety of exoticization characteristic of his prose.
EN
The article is a part of a more extensive linguistic project exploring the concept of ‘empathy’ and its exponents in the present-day Polish (Falkowska 2012, 2017, 2018). The analysis is based on a corpus compiled out of Polish media texts concerning the tragic Nanga Parbat expedition (January 2018). Selected Internet posts and social media comments have also been included. My focus is on empathy understood along the lines set by Kuno (1987), i.e. the speaker’s identification with one of the scene’s participants. The paper aims at depicting the linguistic means that are applied in order to communicate the speaker’s empathy towards a scene participant. The study employs Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar model (1987, 2009) and the cognitive discourse analysis framework (Hart 2014), with special reference to the notions of empathy, empathy hierarchy and point of view.
PL
Artykuł stanowi kolejną część studium językoznawczego poświęconego pojęciu ‘empatia’ i wykładnikom tego pojęcia we współczesnej polszczyźnie (Falkowska 2012, 2017, 2018). Analizie poddaję korpus polskich tekstów medialnych dotyczących zakończonej tragicznie wyprawy na Nangę Parbat (styczeń 2018 r.). Uwzględniam wybrane komentarze internautów, w tym użytkowników mediów społecznościowych. Termin „empatia” rozumiem tu jako zjawisko identyfikowania się nadawcy tekstu z którymś z uczestników opisywanej sytuacji (zob. Kuno 1987: 206). Głównym celem analizy jest stwierdzenie, jakich środków językowych używa nadawca wyrażając to, że utożsamia się z którymś z uczestników opisywanej sytuacji. Metodologicznie praca sytuuje się w obrębie krytycznej kognitywnej analizy dyskursu (Hart 2014), wykorzystującej Langackerowski model gramatyki kognitywnej (Langacker 1987, [2008] 2009), w szczególności terminy „empatia”, „hierarchia empatii” i „punkt widzenia”.
EN
The article analyses the genesis, ontology and pragmatic function of an error as an inseparable part of the research process, in all fields of science. By studying the outlooks of many scholars and philosophers on this issue, the author draws conclusions relating to the fundamental importance of the ‘point of view’ in the ontological, ethical and pragmatical aspects. Academic studies are explored in the article as one of the three basic methods of acquiring knowledge that operate in the cultures of the world. At the same time, the article highlights a whole array of differences in communication between individuals, which transpire between artistic creation, religious experience and scientific inquiry. A distinct difference between scientific error (which can have a positive effect) and scientific inaccuracy, insufficiency (shortcomings) or incompleteness is also articulated. The analyses of drafts by Fyodor Dostoevsky, as well as of the concept of ‘intertextuality’ by Julia Kristeva and ‘intersubjective dialogue’ by Mikhail Bakhtin, serve as examples of such errors.
PL
W artykule analizuje się genezę, ontologię i funkcję pragmatyczną błędu jako nierozdzielnej części procesu badawczego we wszystkich dziedzinach nauki. Badając poglądy na tę kwestię, wyrażane przez wielu uczonych oraz filozofów, autor wyciąga wnioski o fundamentalnej ważności kategorii „punktu widzenia” w aspekcie ontologicznym, etycznym i pragmatycznym. Badania naukowe są tu traktowane jako jedna z trzech podstawowych metod zdobywania wiedzy, funkcjonujących w kulturach świata – zostaje przy tym podkreślony cały szereg różnic pod względem komunikacji między jednostkami, jaki zachodzi na linii twórczości artystycznej, doświadczenia religijnego oraz naukowych dociekań. Wyraźnie formułuje się też różnicę pomiędzy błędem badawczym (który może mieć charakter pozytywny) a naukową niedokładnością, niedostatecznością (brakiem) czy niekompletnością. Jako przykłady takich omyłek służą analizy brulionów Fiodora Dostojewskiego, a także koncepcja „intertekstu” Julii Kristevej oraz „intersubiektywnego dialogu” Michaiła Bachtina.
EN
Analising a subject "W soczewce. Wybrane aspekty wizualności w XIX wieku" from a perspective of fine arts, the article addresses a few various threads of interpretation of this phenomenon. One of them belongs to painting and technical side of impressionists, the other – eye defects related to ophthalmology and medicine, having an impact on translation of the real world into an artistic image, while another – a way of looking through the prism of ideological perceptions and interpretations in art. Despite their differences, each is equally important. It can be infinitely many interpretations of reality, which is why it is so difficult to talk about objectivity of looking through individual lens that each of us has from the moment of birth.
EN
This paper deals with the motifs of eroticism in the story Lilika by Dragoslav Mihailović, in the context of the growing up and maturing of the young ten-year-old heroine. The erotic in this story is brought down to the level of pornography – animal instincts in the scenes of the girl’s drunken mother and stepfather grabbing each other by the arms and legs in front of the child, slipping hands under the skirt, chasing each other with knives and pushing their tongues into each other’s mouth. They stretch the sphere of eroticism to extremes, which is, in this case, thanatically tainted. And such a bestial life that is led by the stepfather and the mother is not far from true violence over the ten-year-old girl, who is beaten and tied to a bed by the parents; and apart from the physical abuse, whose effects are frequent blood spots and bruises under Lilika’s eyes and uncontrolled night urination, there is an additional passive kindof violence towards the girl – ignoring and neglecting her. In a series of circumstances in which she finds herself unwillingly, there forms an inner framework of the heroine’s unhappy childhood, whose basic problem was posed already at her very birth, and it is the question of her identity.
EN
The article aims to recreate the tourist view based on the observation of the lexical layer of texts in quantitative terms. The subject of the research is the most frequent lexis excerpted in the form of an frequency list from Listy z podróży po Włoszech by Konstanty Gaszyński. The collected material consists of 300 words. The most common vocabulary was grouped into 9 semantic-lexical circles and analyzed using the research tools of cultural linguistics. The research has indicated that it is possible to reconstruct, on the basis of the analysis of the most common lexis, both the points of view in the texts and the correlated profiles of the Italian space.
EN
The dog named King, the central character and narrator of John Berger’s “King” published in 1999, is the offshoot of many apparently incongruent genre conventions as well as the offspring of the ambivalent prejudice and praise of the species encoded in the English idioms. This presentation aims to overview the contributing elements which gave rise to the Bergerian shift in character-narrator shaping and to discuss the function of such perspective for the novelistic format adopted. The discussion points out the central role of the ambiguity of King as a dog, demonstrating the post-fantastic nature of his characterisation rooted in the conventions of magic realism. The patterns used to shape King, the dog, as one of the community and at the same time the Other are discussed. He is a befriended dog who becomes almost a family member for the beggars and, at the same time, he is the other, different species. He is both one of the homeless and at the same time the independent one, the stranger who sees more because of the distance inscribed into his nature of a rambling dog. Such is also the function of the fantastic in his shaping, as it is sometimes not quite clear that he is just a talking dog, derived from the tradition of animal fable. He might as well be taken as a mentally challenged human being who lost his identity. The merging of perspectives on all levels of the novel contributes to the dialogic quality of the narration in the Bakhtinian sense, to which the central ambiguities inscribed in the shaping of the quasifantastic dog add the quality of uncertainty and polyvalence.
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