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EN
The study is devoted on the problem of political realism in Polish political thought in exile after World War II (1945‑1989). The author concludes that the categories of “political realism” and “political idealism” are generally inadequate to the history of Polish political thought. There is rather difficult to find the “political realism” or “political idealism” in a clear substantial phenomenon. Very often, political ideas incorporate idealism and realism. Realist analysis of the realities could lead to a moral capitulation under the conviction that the change of the conditions is impossible. Sometimes it permit to keep the “idealist” aims but also avoiding the hopeless decisions (insurrections). Obviously, a future restoration of Polish independence after Yalta required a great geopolitical revolution in Europe. Poles had no means to achieve this aim acting in isolation. They also had no idea to reconcile themselves with the realities of Soviet domination. Polish political thought after Yalta was an exercise in resolving the impossible questions. The most prominent Polish political writer in exile Juliusz Mieroszewski argued that the categories of “realism” and “idealism” are changing in history. Their real sense depends on geopolitical constellation of a given nation in a given time. A perfect policy is idealist in the sphere of aims and realist in the domain of methods as Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski thought. Political thinkers of Polish emigration tried to reconsider the lesson of the past – especially from the tragedy of Warsaw Uprising of 1944 – and not to permit for a new insurrection in 1956. Significant internal autonomy of the Polish People’s Republic after 1956 was considered not as a final achievement but only an “stage” on the rather long way to future independence. Mieroszewski’s „evolutionism” was not a sort of reconciliation with the communist order and the dependence on the USSR but a conception based on the conviction that only the internal changes inside the communist regime could bring the real progress in the fight for independence.
EN
Stanisław Szukalski was one of the most famous and controversial artists in Poland. Known well in his motherland almost forgotten after the Second World War he continued his artistic activity in United States of America until nineties when he died. Szukalski was fascinated with Slavism and the deep, ancient past and tradition of Slavonic nations, especially Polish. Reaching there he was finding inspiration to his artistic creations and political doctrine as well. Evoking traditions different then catholic one and joining political thought with art he became unusual artist and even more unusual man of ideas. The article is an attempt to find real sources of inspiration in Szukalski’s doctrine and art including historical, social and cultural aspect of his époque.
PL
Idee federacyjno-integracyjne były stałą wartością europejskiej myśli politycznej, szczególnie zaś polskiej. W starożytności pojawiła się ta idea już u Greków i była materializowana w postaci związków państw oraz związków religijnych, zwanych amfiktioniami. Idee te i jej realizacje były kontynuowane w średniowiecznej Europie. Idea uniwersalizmu chrześcijańskiego oraz nadanie jej charakteru i działalności politycznej wzbogaciły zasady integracyjne (w europejskiej myśli politycznej). Już w okresie państwa Franków Karol Wielki próbował odbudować, częściowo w zmienionym kształcie i formie, Imperium Romanum. Następnie te założenia doktrynalne w praktyce realizowało wczesne cesarstwo niemieckie. Polska myśl polityczna znalazła się w zachodnioeuropejskim nurcie integracyjnym. Początki tego zjawiska można już dostrzec w dobie piastowskiej. Jednak rozwinięcie idei i praktyki integracyjnej nastąpiło w dobie Jagiellonów. Polskie zasady integracyjne nawiązywały mocno do rzymskich rozwiązań. Głównie chodziło o zasadę, że zasadniczą wartością integracji jest stanowe społeczeństwo obywatelskie, wspólny katalog aksjologiczny oparty na chrześcijaństwie, wspólny system prawny, przy zachowaniu odrębności krajowych i regionalnych. Te idee i zasady były istotnymi składowymi polskiej myśli politycznej aż do lat nam obecnych. Są one widoczne w założeniach teoretycznych polskich partii politycznych XIX i XX w. oraz wśród części polskich pisarzy politycznych XXI w. Pod wpływem zmian cywilizacyjnych i społecznych w świecie, Europie i Polsce niektóre założenia teoretyczne koncepcji integracyjnych uległy zmianom. Przykładowo, pojęcie społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, treści pojęć: federacji i konfederacja, mocarstwowość, relacje między polityką a ekonomią oraz systemem wartości. Jednak generalne założenia integracyjne w europejskiej, a szczególnie polskiej myśli politycznej zostały zachowane. Można to zaobserwować w obecnej polityce III RP. Inną kwestią jest próba realizacji integracji w Europie Środkowej. Konkretyzacja koncepcji integracji Europy Środkowej i przemyślana intelektualnie jej realizacja są niezbędne.
EN
The ideas of federation and integration were of the highest importance in the European and especially polish political thought. Ancient Greeks initially conceived those ideas in the early classical period. At that time, these ideas were implemented in the form of association of polis (states) and religious associations of states, called “amphictyonies.” Greek ideas were later continuously developed in the Middle Ages. During that period, the idea of Christian universalism became political. It resulted in the enhancement of integration principles of European political thought. Already then, during the Carolinian period, Charles the Great tried to restore the Roman Empire in a partially new and distinct form. His doctrinal assumptions were later realized in practice by the early German Empire. Polish political thought is also to be found in the West European integration currents already since the Piast era. But the idea of integration reached its theoretical and practical maturity during the Jagiellonian period. Polish principles of the political integration referred strongly to the roman solutions. In general, those principles were based on the estate civil society, Christianity as the axiological foundation and common legal system which maintained regional separateness. These ideas and principles were always important components of Polish political thought and still are up to modern times. These principles are visible in the theoretical assumptions of Polish political parties of the 19th and 20th centuries, and among some Polish political writers of the 21st century. Under the influence of civilizational and social changes in the world, Europe and Poland, some theoretical assumptions of integrational concepts have changed, among others: the notion of civil society, as well as the content of concepts like federation, confederation, and superpower. Likewise, the conceptualization of relationships between politics, economy, and the axiological system also evolved. However, core assumptions of the integration have been preserved in European and Polish political thought, which can be seen in the contemporary politics of Poland. Integration of Central Europe is a more complex and specific question. Practical implementation of it begs distinct theoretical considerations.
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