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EN
The article discusses the approach of the Polish émigré community in London to the transformation of Poland towards democracy throughout 1989‑1990. The article focuses on journalists and activists who debated the issues in: “Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza”, “Rzeczpospolita Polska” and “Orzeł Biały”. Research focuses on the topics surrounding the events, observations, predictions and very often fears towards the character of the political transformation as well as the direction which new elites would take. Important for contemporary commentators was also the role of the Polish Diaspora in the processes and its future place within the new structures of the new Polish Republic. Research was conducted through the analysis of majority of the sources discussing the situation in Poland as well as ongoing transition which occurred during 1989‑1990, supported by historical evidence and opinions and thoughts of émigré community leaders including: last remaining Presidents in Exile Kazimierz Sabbat and Ryszard Kaczorowski as well as the prime minister of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile prof. Edward Szczepanik.
EN
Brazil’s elections held in 2014 were some kind of test for the office of the President and the policies pursued by Dilma Rousseff. In 2011, when she took office, the state recorded high economic indicators, successful social programmes were introduced and its position in the international relations increased. However, during her first term of office, the Brazilian economy was affected by the consequences of the economic crisis. The result of that situation was a decline in living standards and also a drop in support for the President as well as for the Workers’ Party. In the current term of office the President faces many challenges: economic stimulation, struggle against corruption, electoral reform and strengthening the role of Brazil as a regional power. The reforms of the electoral system are important in the context of strengthening democracy. The results of the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2014 show the necessity to answer some questions. Firstly, how will the efficiency and effectiveness of the policies defined by Dilma Rousseff look like in the current term of office? Secondly, how will political reforms affect Brazil’s political system?
ES
Las elecciones de Brasil que tuvieron lugar en 2014 eran una especie de prueba para el cargo de la Presidenta Dilma Rousseff y sus políticas. Cuando ella asumió el cargo en 2011, el Estado registraba altos indicadores económicos, se introducían programas sociales exitosos y la posición del país en las relaciones internacionales se incrementaba. Sin embargo, durante su primer mandato presidencial, la crisis económica afectó al país causando una disminución de los niveles de vida y también una caída en el apoyo a la Presidenta, así como para el Partido de los Trabajadores. Durante el actual mandato, la Presidenta se enfrenta a muchos retos, tales como: el desarrollo económico, la lucha contra la corrupción y la reforma electoral. Los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales de 2014 muestran la necesidad de responder a algunas preguntas. En primer lugar,¿ cuál será la eficiencia y la eficacia de las políticas implementadas por Dilma Rousseff? En segundo lugar, ¿cuál será el efecto de las reformas políticas sobre el sistema politico de Brasil?
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy charakterystyki polskiej Konstytucji i rządu od 1989 r. W artykule omówiono empirycznie dynamikę ustroju konstytucyjnego i polskiego systemu politycznego w świetle wyników wyborów parlamentarnych i formowania się rządu w RP. Artykuł opisuje teorię spekulacyjną Samuela P. Huntingtona jako podstawowy poziom rozwoju politycznego w Polsce. Według Samuela P. Huntingtona w latach 1989–1990 kilka państw Europy Środkowej, Wschodniej i Południowej przeszło od rządów totalitarnych do demokratycznych form rządów. Konstytucja została sformułowana zgodnie z rządami prawa i opiera się na normach demokratycznych. Ta demokratyczna rewolucja jest prawdopodobnie najważniejszym nurtem politycznym, a Polska została dotknięta tą falą demokratyzacji w 1989 r. Głównym celem niniejszego opracowania jest opisanie transformacji ustrojowej, której efektem są demokratyczne rządy. W jaki sposób Polska ustanawia rządy prawa i trwały rząd ludowy przestrzegający norm konstytucyjnych? Wynikiem niniejszego artykułu jest to, że partie polityczne, tworząc opozycję w parlamencie, muszą zaproponować nową strategię postępowania, w szczególności poprzez zmierzenie się z kompromisem systemu demokratycznego w oparciu o Konstytucję z 1997 r., m.in. podział władzy, wybory, polityka partyjna, pozycja Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i funkcjonowanie sądownictwa w państwie.
EN
The article analyses the characteristics of the Polish constitution and government since 1989. This study empirically discusses the dynamics of the constitutional framework and Polish political system in the light of the outcomes of the parliamentary elections and the formation of the government in the Republic of Poland. The article describes Samuel P Huntington‘ s theoretical-speculative theory as the primary level of political development in Poland. According to Samuel P Huntington, between 1989 and 1990, several countries from Central, Eastern and Southern Europe moved from totalitarian rule to the democratic forms of government. The constitution was formulated according to the rule of the law and is based on democratic norms. This democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend and Poland was also affected by this wave of democratisation in 1989. The main purpose of this study is to describe the political transformation which is resulted in the democratic government. How does Poland establish the rule of law and a sustainable popular government that follows constitutional norms? The result of this article is that the political parties, creating the opposition in parliament, must propose a new strategy of behaviour in such circumstances, in particular by tackling the compromise of a democratic system on the basis of the Constitution of 1997, e.g. distribution of powers, elections, party politics, the position of the Constitutional Court and functioning of the judiciary in the country.
EN
A modification of Polish political system without undermining the predominant role of Polish United Workers’ Party was declared in the resolutions of the Round Table agreement. However, the election of June and following agreement between “Solidarity”, United People’s Party and Alliance of Democrats changed this situation. The coalition between “Solidarity”, United People’s Party and Alliance of Democrats was above all realistic and played a key role in the process of transition from authoritarianism to democracy.
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