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EN
There are a number of ways in which sport might be instrumentalized in international relations. One of them refers to the use of its non-political character and popularity in order to shape international proximity and more positive relations between states. Such instrumentalization is referred to as sport diplomacy, a category that is classed as a part of public diplomacy. The aim of the article is to investigate how sport has been used in order to strengthen the proximity and ties among African states. Two initiatives have been considered: the African Games and the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa. The research is a case study which refers to Africa, as in the history of sport there have also been other multilateral attempts to instrumentalize sport for the sake of international proximity. In the analysis the motivation behind the initiatives has been particularly considered. The article attempts to verify the hypothesis that existence of political regimes dominated by white minorities in Africa (RSA, Rhodesia) was an integrative element for the other African states in the field of international sport.
EN
The aim of the paper is to investigate ping–pong diplomacy between the Unites States and China, which was used by both countries as a diplomatic tool, aimed at achieving political rapprochement despite ideological dissonance and conflict over Taiwan. Both governments were seeking a way to establish closer relations but the circumstances prevented them from traditional diplomatic contacts. Sports exchange proved to be a convenient solution. In the paper the Author attempts to verify a hypothesis on a subsequent legacy of the ping–pong diplomacy in American foreign policy. The study allowed to determine reasons for the need to employ sport in order to establish closer relations between two hostile actors of international relations. It is an attempt to answer a question concerning the intentional or coincidental character of the analysed sports exchange. The paper is an empirical case study on one of the prime examples of positive sports diplomacy and was conducted with the use of decision–making.
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