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EN
Lake Ełk as an important element of the urban landscape is associated with tourism and active recreation and because of it with the economy of the town. Since 1999 the renovation method with the use of artificial aeration with simultaneous phosphorus inactivation and also as a biological filter – BIO HYDRO structures were applied on the lake. This process was lasting 10 years and brought only a short-term improvement. At the same time, the shores of the lake were managed to develop of lake tourism: beach, swimming pool, tennis courts, a promenade, and two a water equipment rentals. The illuminated fountain, the road bridge and well – developed catering – accommodation base were made as well.
EN
Purpose: Air pollution is one of the most important and often underestimated causes of death worldwide. The study evaluates awareness of its effects on health, access to information and seeking protection from pollution among the most susceptible population. Materials and methods: A 22-item survey was constructed (Cronbach’s α=0.81), including two parts, 1 -‘Awareness’ and 2 - ‘Personal protection and access to information’ and four independent questions. It was distributed among 107 hospital patients at high risk of adverse health effects from air pollution. Results: Scores in part 1 of the survey were relatively high. Lower results were achieved in the second part. Significant differences in responses to the surveys were found depending on gender, age and education. Patients’ main sources of information are (in order): television, the Internet and radio. Access to information was mostly rated as insufficient. Few patients use anti-pollution facemasks or indoor air filters (5.8% and 2.9%, respectively). Conclusions: Despite patients’ decent awareness, access to information is poor among the most susceptible population and needs to be improved urgently. More reliable sources of information need to be provided. null
Kontrola Państwowa
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2016
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vol. 61
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issue 4 (369)
65-74
EN
Ten years ago, the audit was conducted entitled “Protection of the River Bug Catchment Area in the Years 2003-2006”. Apart from NIK, the audit was conducted by the Supreme Audit Institutions of Ukraine and Belarus. In 2015, the follow-up coordinated audit was carried out entitled “Protection of the River Bug Catchment Area against Pollution”. The audit was conducted on the initiative of the President of the Chamber of Accounts of Ukraine. The audit examined the implementation of the audit conclusions of 2006 aimed at achieving good quality of the waters of the River Bug catchment area, which means the compliance with the Water Framework Directive.
EN
The author gives a positive assessment of the bill introducing a legal basis for undertaking environmental improvement measures in large-scale degraded areas. According to her, the Act will allow for faster and more effective rehabilitation of post-industrial areas. The bill contains shortcomings related to the protection of property rights, but they do not contradict the Constitution. The implementation of the Act will result in the imposition of additional tasks on local government units, the implementation of which may require additional resources.
XX
Air pollution is the reason for huge damages to European Union citizens’ health. Every year, some 400,000 Europeans die prematurely as a result of excessive levels of such substances as suspended dust, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. It is despite the fact that the EU legal regulations on the permissible values of air pollutants have been in force for almost thirty years. In order to broaden the knowledge of air pollution as well as the ways to implement and the effectiveness of the policy on air protection in individual Member States, the Supreme Audit Office and the Netherlands Court of Audit coordinated the largest international audit in the field of environmental protection in the history of the European Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions – EUROSAI. The audit resulted in a joint audit report on air quality, based on the findings of the audits conducted in the countries that participated in this project.
EN
The visions of the natural world built by man also shape our relationship with respect to the environment. In the present paper I would like to demonstrate how these holistic ideas, like the Gaia Hypothesis, affect ethical relations with nature. Do they enhance the need to treat nature in accordance with ethics, are they ethically neutral, or do they convince us that man has no ethical obligations to the environment whatsoever? “The Gaia Hypothesis” can be ambivalent in this respect, but in the end it leaves no doubt that, even though other species do what man does, Gaia (biosphere) has a limited tolerance for negative effects of human activity. And although we are not able to annihilate the life on the Earth, we are certainly capable of destroying the conditions necessary for our subsistence.
EN
It has been substantiated that the increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the environment has especially aggravated in the conditions of military operations on the territory of Ukraine. The use of woody plants for the purposes of phytoremediation is one of the most effective options for optimising the state of the environment in urban ecosystems, regardless of the nature and source of contamination by metallic elements, which is of significant relevance in the conditions of post-war environmental restoration of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to explore the peculiarities of some heavy metals accumulation by the assimilation apparatuses of the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) plants growing in the recreational areas of the city of Dnipro in order to further optimise tree plantings with the aim of improving the environment. The content of heavy metal elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the biomass of the Robinia pseudoacacia L. leaves and in the soils of Dnipro recreation areas has been determined. The intensity of the accumulation of heavy metals in the phytomass of the Robinia pseudoacacia L. represents the following sequence Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd, which demonstrates a more intense absorption and accumulation in the phytomass of the leafy fraction of Zn and Cu in the phytomass of the deciduous fraction, and less significant of Pb and Cd. With the help of geo-information systems, cartographic material has been developed. It demonstrates the concentration gradient of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn in the assimilation organs of the black locust plants in the city of Dnipro recreational areas. Based on the cartographic analysis, it has been proved that the general condition of the soils in the recreation areas of Dnipro is characterised by significant disproportions in the level of pollution. The maps show the existing potential of the accumulative capacity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. to deposit Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn, which allows for additional city functional zoning by considering phytoremediation functions of the existing and planned green spaces.
EN
The main research question is whether increasing exports from developing countries during the globalization of the economy is associated with improving the quality of their environment. The article uses methods of critical literature review and statistical data analysis. The results of the conducted research indicate that the quality of the environment in developing countries receiving high revenues from foreign trade may improve as a result of using eco-innovative technologies. In addition, trade can have a positive impact on the environment, because increasing exports increases income, which in turn increases per capita income, and then, in line with the concept of the Kuznets environmental curve, reduces environmental degradation in the long run.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie badawcze, czy zwiększenie eksportu z krajów rozwijających się wiąże się z poprawą jakości ich środowiska. W artykule zastosowano metody krytycznej analizy literatury oraz analizy danych statystycznych. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że jakość środowiska w krajach rozwijających się, uzyskujących wysokie dochody z handlu zagranicznego, może się poprawić w wyniku zastosowania eko-innowacyjnych technologii. Ponadto handel może wpływać pozytywnie na środowisko, ponieważ zwiększenie eksportu maksymalizuje dochód, co z kolei powiększa dochód per capita, a następnie – zgodnie z koncepcją środowiskowej krzywej Kuznetsa – zmniejsza w długim okresie degradację środowiska.
ES
Este artículo es una propuesta de mejoramiento ambiental, partiendo desde la recupe-ración del espacio habitado y reapropiación del potencial productivo, orientándolo a una mejor calidad de vida y condiciones de existencia, implementándose metodologías de observación y experimentación, técnicas cuantitativa y cualitativas y talleres educa-tivos. En consecuencia se presenta la producción de sistemas de energía renovable y fitocorrección con plantas autóctonas. Estas actividades fueron asesoradas por dife-rentes instituciones locales, nacionales e internacionales, como Fundación UOCRA y CIFA. La propuesta del presente análisis es el aumento de espacios verdes, recupera-ción de flora nativa, remediación de suelos contaminados, mejoramiento de la calidad del aire y agua, concientización ambiental.
EN
This article is a proposal for environmental improvement, starting with the recovery of inhabited space and re-appropriation of productive potential with the aim to improve the quality of life and living conditions, while implementing the methodology of observation and experiments, quantitative and qualitative techniques and educational workshops. Therefore, the production of renewable energy systems and phytoremediation with native plants – activities assessed by various local, national and international institutions, such as UOCRA and CIFA Foundation, are discussed. The proposal of this analysis is an increase in green spaces, the native flora recovery, remediation of contaminated soil, improvement of air and water quality, and the growth of environmental awareness
EN
Shale gas exploration and extraction processes creates a potential threat for all environmental elements like: air and noise emissions, contamination of surface and groundwater, soil pollutions, production of different types of waste or increasing water consumption. The degree of potential environmental impact depends especially on location and size of a drilling rig, level of urbanization of an area, sensitivity of environment to pollution and type of technological operations which depends on shale formation. The paper presents main environmental hazards during shale gas exploration and extraction processes and ways of its reduce. Explain how investors can resolve problems with flowback water qualification, prepare drilling rig area or store hazardous materials and chemicals. Generally impacts of drilling processes on the environment are well recognized. Legal compliance with environmental legislation and procedures like Health Safety & Environment Management System or Environmental Management Systems can minimalized potential damages.
PL
Emisja dwutlenku węgla (CO2) jest obiektywnym skutkiem rozwoju cywilizacyjnego świata. Zapewnienie stałego spadku emisji CO2 w warunkach wzrostu gospodarczego i dobrobytu społecznego wymaga strukturalnej analizy zależności systemowych. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zbadanie udziału różnych czynników społeczno- -gospodarczych w kształtowaniu się zmian emisji CO2. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie dekompozycji tempa zmian emisji CO2 w odniesieniu do zmian: emisyjności produktu krajowego brutto (PKB), produktywności roboczogodziny, liczby zatrudnionych i czasu pracy jednego zatrudnionego. Wykorzystano dane statystyczne odnoszące się do gospodarki w Polsce. Przyjęto okres badawczy obejmujący lata 1990-2015. Wyniki badań pokazują, że najbardziej znaczący wkład w zmiany emisji CO2 w Polsce miał wzrost gospodarczy. Stałemu wzrostowi gospodarczemu towarzyszył spadek emisyjności PKB. Obserwowany w niektórych okresach wzrost podaży pracy przyczyniał się do wzrostu udziału tego czynnika w zmianach emisji zanieczyszczeń. Biorąc pod uwagę rosnącą produktywność siły roboczej, wysiłkom zmierzającym do zwiększenia wielkości zatrudnienia powinno towarzyszyć zmniejszanie się liczby godzin pracy jednego pracownika.
EN
The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) are an objective result of the civilizational development of the world. Ensuring a steady decline in CO2 emissions in the conditions of economic growth and social welfare requires a structural analysis of systemic dependencies. The purpose of the study is to investigate the contribution of different socio- -economic factors to the changes in carbon dioxide emissions. A decomposition analysis is performed to examine the pace of CO2 emission changes in relation to changes in: emissivity of gross domestic product (GDP), productivity of man-hours, number of employees and working time per employee. Statistical data refer to the Polish economy in the period of 1990-2015. The results provided in this paper show that the economic growth in Poland had the most noticeable contribution to CO2 emission changes. The solid growth of economy was accompanied by decreasing emissivity of GDP. The increase in the labour supply, observed in some periods, contributed to the relative growth of that factor in pollutant emission changes. Considering the growing labour productivity, efforts to increase employment should be correlated with decreasing number of working hours per employee.
PL
Przełom lat 80. i 90. był w Polsce czasem szczególnym dla środowiska przyrodniczego. Zbiegły się wtedy dwa przełomowe wydarzenia, które zapoczątkowały nowy rozdział w historii ochrony środowiska w naszym kraju. Z jednej strony była to wewnętrzna transformacja systemowa, obejmująca swym zasięgiem wszelkie dziedziny życia społeczno-gospodarczego i przynosząca demokrację i wolny rynek. Z drugiej zaś ukształtowanie się w świecie nowej idei rozwoju cywilizacyjnego, opartego na założeniu poprawy jakości życia ludzi w zgodzie i harmonii z przyrodą. Zmiany w systemie ochrony i kształtowania środowiska Polski, które nastąpiły po 1989 roku, uwzględniały konsekwencje wywołane oboma wydarzeniami. Szczególnie interesujące wydaje się więc sprawdzenie, jak te nowe rozwiązania funkcjonowały w nowej rzeczywistości młodej polskiej demokracji i jakie przyniosły efekty. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia zmiany jakości komponentów środowiska, jakie nastąpiły w okresie 1982-2000 na obszarach ekologicznego zagrożenia w Polsce. Posługując się opracowaniem Andrzeja Kassenberga i Czesławy Rolewicz z 1985 roku, w którym wyznaczono 27 obszarów tego typu, i wykorzystując metodologię zastosowaną w wspomnianym opracowaniu, zweryfikowano sytuację tych terenów w roku 2000.
EN
The turn of the eighties and nineties was a particular moment for the natural environment in Poland. Two important factors occurred at that time. First was the post-communist transformation of the country, which affected all spheres of socio-economic life in Poland. On the other hand, new ideas of sustainable development taking into account both quality of human life and quality of natural environment have been spreading all around the world. Changes in the system of environmental protection in Poland which occurred after the year 1989, took into consideration the consequences of both processes. It seems therefore interesting to find out how the new instruments worked and what effects they have brought to Poland in the nineties. This article describes the changes in the quality of different components of natural environment in the areas of environmental risk in Poland between 1982 and 2000. Using the results and methodology of Rolewicz and Kassenberg (1985), the situation in 27 such areas was analyzed.
EN
Fairness has long been denied for African-Americans and other people of color when it comes to environmental injustices, or crimes committed by state governments and polluting industries/corporations. Unfortunately, polluting companies often go unpunished for their environmental misdeeds, particularly if what they do is in minority or marginalized communities. Furthermore, environmental biases in American courts, unfortunately, are still prevalent in our society today—that is, when it comes to vulnerable groups, who continue to seek environmental justice, but cannot fight back. Environmental injustice, therefore, should be considered unjust acts when it comes to polluting communities of color. Also, environmental issues are always problematic, especially in regard to climate change. In a certain sense, there is an urgent need to protect these disadvantaged communities of color from polluting corporations. Indeed, can we end this environmental cruelty? More importantly, how can we stop polluters from burying hazardous material in landfills on lands owned by Indigenous people or Native Americans? Polluting industries must also be put on notice, and we must question anyone in the energy business who is deceptive about their nasty pollution. It should be obvious that nothing will change anytime soon regarding the environmental injustice issue if we do not get involved and fight the polluters head-on, and without reservation.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie potrzeby zastosowania testów toksyczności do oceny odcieków pochodzących ze składowisk odpadów komunalnych. Z prowadzonych obecnie badań wchodzących w skład monitoringu składowisk odpadów komunalnych trudno jest precyzyjnie określić, jakie związki chemiczne mogą znajdować się w odciekach oraz jaki wpływ mogą wywierać na organizmy bytujące w środowisku. Badania te, oparte w całości na parametrach fizykochemicznych, nie obrazują rzeczywistego zanieczyszczenia wód, ponieważ większość związków obecnych w odciekach pozostaje nieznana i stanowi potencjalne zagrożenie. Autor zarekomendował wykorzystanie dwóch rodzajów testów do badań odcieków ze składowisk odpadów komunalnych, prowadzonych na V. fischeri i D. magna, m.in. ze względu na niski koszt oraz łatwość przeprowadzonych badań. Zwraca również uwagę na fakt, że poszczególne składniki odcieków mogą wywoływać odmienne reakcje, powodując synergiczne lub antagonistyczne efekty toksyczne, które nie zostaną zidentyfikowane za pomocą analiz fizykochemicznych, a mogą zostać wykryte za pomocą testów toksyczności.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the need to use toxicity tests to assess the waste water from municipal landfills. It is difficult to determine precisely what chemical compounds can be found in leachate and what impact they can have on organisms living in the environment. These studies, based entirely on physicochemical parameters, do not illustrate the actual water pollution. The author recommended the use of two types of tests to test leachate from municipal waste dumps, carried out on V. fischeri and D. magna, among others due to the low cost and ease of the research carried out. The author draws attention to the fact that individual components of leachate may cause different reactions, causing synergistic or antagonistic toxic effects, which will not be identified by physicochemical analyses, but may be detected by means of toxicity tests.
EN
This paper presents the air pollution problem in Poland and the threat to health safety posed by a smog alert. It identifies the causes and main factors affecting air pollution; the air quality in Poland was analysed and compared to other EU Member States. The health effects of harmful agents emitted into the atmosphere were also described.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problem zanieczyszczeniem powietrza w Polsce i zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, jakie niesie smog. Wskazane zostały przyczyny i główne czynniki wpływające na zanieczyszczenie powietrza, a także dokonano analizy stanu jakości powietrza w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej. Ukazano również skutki zdrowotne oddziaływania szkodliwych dla człowieka czynników emitowanych do atmosfery.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony różnym aspektom opodatkowania ekologicznego na Ukrainie i w UE. Dokonano podziału podatków ekologicznych na Ukrainie ze względu na podmioty opodatkowania oraz przedstawiono ich zestawienie z podatkami ekologicznymi funkcjonującymi w UE. W pracy zostały odzierciedlone niektóre najwyższe i najniższe kwoty emisji zanieczyszczeń ze stacjonarnych źródeł zanieczyszczenia. Określono efektywność fiskalną opodatkowania ekologicznego na Ukrainie. Zasugerowano sposoby udoskonalenia systemu opodatkowania ekologicznego na Ukrainie ze względu na doświadczenia UE.
EN
The article deals with various aspects of environmental taxation in Ukraine and the EU. The environmental taxes in Ukraine were divided according to the objects of taxation and compared with the list of environmental taxes in the EU. Some rates for pollutant emissions from stationary sources of pollution were reflected. The fiscal efficiency of environmental taxation in Ukraine was determined. The ways to improve the system of environmental taxation in Ukraine according to the EU experience were suggested.
RU
Статья посвящена различным аспектам экологического налогообложения на Украине и в ЕС. Выполнено разделение экологических налогов на Украине по субъектам налогообложения и проведено их сравнение с экологическими налогами, действующими в ЕС. В работе отражены некоторые самые высокие и самые низкие объемы выбросов от стационарных источников загрязнения. Определена фискальная эффективность системы экологического налогообложения на Украине. Представлены пути совершенствования системы экологического налогообложения на Украине с учетом опыта ЕС.
IT
L’articolo è dedicato a vari aspetti della tassazione ambientale in Ucraina e nell’UE. Le tasse ambientali in Ucraina sono state suddivise per entità fiscali e confrontate con le tasse ambientali nell’UE. Il documento riflette alcune quantità più alte e più basse di emissioni provenienti da fonti fisse di inquinamento. L’efficienza fiscale della tassazione ambientale in Ucraina è stata determinata. Hanno suggerito modi per migliorare il sistema di tassazione ambientale in Ucraina prendendo in considerazione l’esperienza dell’UE.
PL
Konflikt zbrojny na wschodzie Ukrainy rozgrywa się na obszarze okręgu przemysłowego, który już w okresie pokoju należał do najbardziej zagrożonych pod względem stanu czystości wody i jakości powietrza. W pracy, omówiono oddziaływanie walczących stron zarówno na elementy przyrody żywej (lasy, rośliny, zwierzęta, ekosystemy) jak i na dostępne zasoby wody. Wskazano na niszczące działania walczących stron, których skutki zagrażają materialnym podstawom bytu miejscowej ludności. Poddano analizie problematykę związaną emisjami zanieczyszczeń gazowych, w tym z pożarami składów amunicji. Autorzy podejmują także zagadnienie wykorzystania problemów środowiska w wojnie informacyjnej toczonej przez obie strony konfliktu.
EN
The armed conflict in the east of Ukraine is taking place in the area of the industrial district, which in the period of peace was one of the most endangered in terms of water and air quality. At work, the impact of the warring parties on the elements of living nature (forests, plants, animals, ecosystems) as well as on the available water resources was discussed. The destructive actions of the fighting parties were pointed out, the effects of which threaten the material foundations of the local population very existence. Issues related to emissions of gaseous pollutants, including ammunition storage fires, were analyzed. The authors also take up the issue of the use of environmental problems in the informational war waged by both sides of the conflict.
EN
The article discusses the issues of values and social responsibility of universities. On the one hand, the foundations of functioning of universities, which are created by research and education and the role of universities in formation, are recalled.  On the other hand, it was reminded that the heart of universities, their DNA, are academic values, defined primarily in the Magna Charta Universitatum, but also in many other documents, such as the Code of Values of the Jagiellonian University. Hence, universities are increasingly often referred to not only as universities of knowledge, but also as universities of wisdom. Together, they are the basis for the social responsibility of universities.  However, they alone are not enough for this social responsibility to materialise.  Appropriate behaviour and actions are essential.  Because knowledge alone is not everything.  Such actions are always necessary, but especially when we find ourselves, as a country, humanity and a planet, in a crisis situation related to the climate disaster, which we are already partially experiencing. After the presentation of the most important current facts related to the climate and environmental crisis, the tasks to be undertaken urgently in this context by universities were presented, from broadly understood education, through convincing politicians to ambitious and quick actions, to intensive work on innovative solutions that can contribute to reducing threats brought by the climate and environmental crisis, pointing out, among others, the initiatives proposed by the newly created network of universities U7.
EN
Article analyses issues connected with lack of specific regulations regarding performance of examinations by accredited laboratories in the process of remediation and possibilities for authorities to verify results of such examinations. In order to provide contest for the analysis, the article familiarizes the reader with short description of the remediation as a legal institution as well as the corresponding procedure. Article also includes de lege ferenda postulates in this respect.
RU
В статье анализируются проблемы, связанные с отсутствием подробных правил, касающихся проведения исследований аккредитованными лабораториями во время проведения ремидиации, и возможностей у органа осуществить проверку результатов этих исследований. Чтобы представить контекст рассмотрения, в статье также кратко представлены правовой институт ремидиации и сопутствующая процедура. В статье также содержатся постулаты с точки зрения законодательного предположения (de lege ferenda) в обсуждаемой области.
IT
L’articolo esamina i problemi legati alla mancanza di una regolamentazione specifica relativa all’esecuzione di test da parte di laboratori accreditati per l’esecuzione di bonifiche e alla capacità dell’autorità di verificare i risultati di tali test. Per inquadrare il contesto, l’articolo introduce anche brevemente l’istituto giuridico del risanamento e la procedura di accompagnamento. L’articolo contiene anche i requisiti de lege ferenda in questo settore.
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