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The paper discusses Polish as a religious language in Eastern Europe, particularly in Lithuania, and – to a lesser extent – Belarus and Ukraine. The author focuses on language changes within the sphere of religion concerning the use of Polish and other languages in the Roman Catholic Church. The process of depolonizing the Roman Catholic Church along with its Belarusization in Belarus and Ukrainization in Ukraine has been observable. Moreover, the article overviews the response of the Church members to the eradication of Polish as a religious language and replacing it with Belarussian and Ukrainian. With respect to Lithuania, the analysis based on field research (informants) depicts the current situation of the Polish language as its usage has come to be limited and as it has begun to be eradicated from the Church in two Polish-speaking enclave communities that are disintegrated today (the Kaunas region and the Zarasai region).
PL
Artykuł dotyczy polszczyzny jako języka religijnego na Wschodzie, zwłaszcza na Litwie, w mniejszym stopniu na Białorusi i Ukrainie. Uwagę skupiono na zmianach językowych w sferze religijnej, w użyciu polszczyzny i innych języków w Kościele rzymskokatolickim. Zasygnalizowano proces depolonizacji Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego: białorutenizacji na Białorusi i ukrainizacji na Ukrainie i omówiono postawy wiernych wobec usuwania polszczyzny z funkcji języka religijnego na rzecz języka białoruskiego i ukraińskiego. W odniesieniu do Litwy przedstawiono sytuację języka polskiego i proces ograniczania użycia polszczyzny i rugowania jej z Kościoła w dwóch enklawach polskojęzycznych, dziś zdezintegrowanych (Kowieńszczyzna i rejon jezioroski) na podstawie badań terenowych (wypowiedzi informatorów).
EN
This article discusses the phenomenon of the expressive use of the neuter gender with reference to people and animals, e.g. dialectal Polish: [about a dog] si zezłościło byłu (‘it had become angry’), [about a man] pszylieciało (lit. ‘it flew here’, i.e. ‘it came quickly’), [about a woman] takie było wradne (‘it was so vicious/mean’). The primary exemplifications originate from one of the Polish dialects in Ukraine (Pl. Łanowice, Ukr. Лановичі), but examples have been also provided from other Polish dialects (in Poland) and from colloquial Polish. This type of expressive use of the neuter form was also mentioned by Daniel Weiss (1993, 96-7). The present analysis demonstrates that – in contrast to Daniel Weiss’s assumptions – this phenomenon is not limited to the pronoun to or the reduplicated toto. In the Polish language, both within dialects and colloquial language, the expressive neuter is used primarily with a depreciative undertone. In the provided examples, the speaker expresses his/her negative emotional or intellectual (evaluative) attitude towards a person, animal or behaviour. Therefore, in this respect, the grammatical gender fulfills a derivative pragmatic and semantic function. The expressive connotation becomes marked through the choice of the neuter gender (in the singular), even with reference to a group of people, e.g. Bandery wujka zabili ... wujka zabiło (‘Bandits killed the uncle… it killed the uncle’). In colloquial Polish, such grammatical means can be also used to express humour, e.g. Długie toto, jak Don Kichot przynajmniej, chude toto, gęba pociągła i mizerna, nos orli niestety, uszy odstające, a do tego od dołu takie długie nogi, a od góry takie długie ręce (‘It’s long, at least as long as Don Quixote, it’s thin, with a long and gaunt mug, unfortunately a hooked nose, ears that stick out, as well as those long legs at the bottom, and those long arms at the top’) (the well-known actor Jan Kobuszewski talking about himself). In studies of Polish inflection, depreciativeness is sometimes distinguished as a separate category with a semantic function, placing the masculine-personal (virile) nouns (unmarked, e.g. urzędnicy ‘civil servants’) in juxtaposition to their depreciative (non-virile) forms (marked, e.g. urzędniki). The mechanism which has been outlined in this article allows for the presentation of yet another possible use of grammatical gender, that is the neuter gender, fulfilling a pragmatic and semantic function.
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