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EN
The paper is an attempt to answer a question about value of popular art and critically approach a view, that prices of popular art are only of entertaining virtue. Among massively produced works of popular art obviously ones lacking artistic values and aesthetic qualities, which do not deserve to treated as works of art. However, works of high art does not contain only masterpieces, moreover one can find pretentious kitsch or tacky pieces there too. Richard Shusterman convincingly proved, that a view generally denying works of popular art artistic status and aesthetic value is not justified. Popular art satisfies aesthetic needs of millions of consumers among whom are also cultural and competent recipients of art. Neither should one depreciate works of dominantly entertaining value. Good entertainment is important in our times to many people, since it provides relief, relaxation releases the tension and improves the spirit. As a result helps to retain or regain psychological equilibrium. Having describe the specificity of cognitive, moral and cathartic – compensatory values of art, author suggests, that good works of popular art, such as American noir crime morals (Chandler, Hammett, MacDonald) or films of Woody Allen or Francis Coppola are not devoid of such values.
DE
In den Jahren 1941 bis 1942 während des Aufenthaltes im Riesengebirge malte Otto Dix 12 Landschaftsbilder und 8 Gemälde mit religiösen Sujets. Bereits zum ersten Mal erscheint im Schaffen des Künstlers eine dichte Gruppe von Werken, deren Leitmotiv alt- und neutestamentliche vor der realistisch dargestellten, einfach zu erkennenden Landschaft platzierte Szenen sind. Durch die deutliche Stilisierung zu niederländischen und deutschen Meistern um die Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert und zu deutschen Romantikern gehören diese Bilder zu den konventionellsten, traditionellsten und monumentalsten Gemälden des Künstlers. Ihr Erscheinen in dem bisher skandalisierenden und bilderstürmerischen Œuvre des Schöpfers löst bis heute Kontroversen und unversöhnliche Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Forschern seines Schaffens aus. Dieser Konflikt oszilliert um die Frage, ob diese Bilder ein Versuch des Künstlers waren, sich in die offizielle Nazi-Politik einzufügen oder ganz im Gegenteil einen Widerstand dagegen ausdrückten.
EN
The article presents an analysis of selected functions carried out by the popular cultural references in Żulczyk’s novel Zrób mi jakąś krzywdę, czyli wszystkie gry wideo są o miłości. The first section of the article considers some methodological problems related to the subject matter of the article and discusses the book in view of Shusterman’s aesthetic experience model in the aesthetic legitimization of popular art. The next section includes the analysis of the text and focuses on such issues as references to popular culture in the protagonist’s characteristics. In the conclusion of the article, the author sums up that the popular culture threads are not included in the novel purely for decorative reasons but constitute it at a multi-tiered level and cannot be removed from the novel otherwise it would disrupt, or even destroy, its structure and thus, without some knowledge of the basic elements of pop culture, the reading and understanding of the book can be substantially impaired and incomplete.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę uzasadnienia tezy, że sztuka popularna może stanowić dla dorosłych źródło uczenia się. Problem rozpatrywano w kontekście nurtu pedagogii publicznej oraz andragogicznych koncepcji uczenia się autorstwa Jacka Mezirowa oraz Knuda Illerisa. Dla zobrazowania problemu posłużono się wybranymi tekstami kultury popularnej z dziedziny filmu, street artu i serialu telewizyjnego. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły sformułować trzy wnioski. Po pierwsze, sztuka popularna może być źródłem transformatywnego uczenia się. Po drugie, uczenie się w relacji ze sztuką popularną może przebiegać w trzech wymiarach: poznawczym, emocjonalnym oraz społecznym. Trzeci wniosek pozwala uznać sztukę popularną za formę publicznej pedagogii.
EN
This article supports a thesis that popular art can be a source of learning for adults. Questions are framed in the context of the trend for public pedagogy and the andragogical concepts of learning put forward by Jack Mezirow and Knud Illeris. To illustrate the problem, selected popular culture texts from the field of movies, street art, and TV series are used. On the basis of the analyses conducted, three conclusions are formulated. The first is that popular art can be a source of transformative learning. The second conclusion shows that the human learning process that takes place in relation to popular art integrates three dimensions of learning: the cognitive, emotional, and social. The third conclusion points to popular art as a form of public pedagogy.
EN
The main aim of this article is to present the results of research of the São Toméan advertisement painting phenomenon. Visual discourse analysis methods were used during the research procedure. The first part of the article presents various types of research on advertisement painting and the basic characteristics of this phenomenon in West Africa. The next part of the article describes the empirical methods used to analyse the visual discourse of São Toméan advertisement painting. The main part of the text presents an analysis of empirical visual material focused on the discursive construction of identity strategies towards production and work, leisure and consumption, as well as gender.
PL
Dehumanizacja to – w najbardziej ogólnym sensie – proces zanegowania człowieczeństwa drugiej osoby. Problem ten, rozpatrywany przede wszystkim na gruncie psychologii społecznej, posiada silne konotacje pedagogiczne. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie potencjalnego znaczenia sztuki popularnej dla edukacji międzykulturowej, a dokładnie ukazanie roli, jaką sztuka ta może pełnić w uświadamianiu problemu dehumanizacji Obcego. Aby osiągnąć zamierzony cel, w tekście wskazano na zasadność obecności sztuki popularnej w edukacji, przedstawiono pojęcie Obcego, czyli osoby znajdującej się poza horyzontem doświadczenia danego człowieka, poza daną społecznością, poznawczo niebezpiecznego, oraz zarysowano zagadnienie dehumanizacji. Egzemplifikację przeprowadzono na przykładzie piątego odcinka trzeciej serii brytyjskiego serialu science fiction Black Mirror – Men Against Fire (2016). Rozważania prowadzone są z perspektywy nowocześnie rozumianej edukacji estetycznej, nawiązującej koncepcyjnie do polskiej teorii wychowania estetycznego. Zorientowana humanistycznie, nowoczesna edukacja estetyczna musi być realizowana w duchu pluralizmu i międzykulturowości; powinna także przyczyniać się do rozwijania całokształtu osobowości człowieka: od jego wrażliwości estetycznej i orientacji moralnej, po zdolność krytycznego myślenia i kreatywność. Artykuł wskazuje na możliwości wykorzystania sztuki popularnej w edukacji poprzez budowanie teoretycznych kontekstów interpretacyjnych.
EN
Dehumanization is – in the broadest sense – the process of depriving a person of positive human qualities. This problem, considered mainly in the field of social psychology, has strong pedagogical significance. The article is aimed to show the potential importance of popular art for intercultural education, precisely: to show the role that popular art can play in raising the awareness of the problem posed by dehumanization of the Other. To achieve the intended goal, the author indicates the justified presence of popular art in education, introduces the concept of the Other, i.e. a person who is beyond the horizon of a given person’s experience, who is outside a given community or is cognitively dangerous, and outlines the issue of dehumanization. The exemplification was conducted on the example of the episode of the British science fiction series Black Mirror – Men Against Fire (2016). The considerations are carried out from the perspective of contemporary aesthetic education, which refers conceptually to the Polish theory of aesthetic education. Humanistically oriented, contemporary aesthetic education must be conducted in the vein of pluralism and interculturalism; it should also contribute to the development of a person’s holistic personality: from their aesthetic sensitivity and moral orientation, to their ability of critical thinking and creativity. In the article, the possibilities are indicated of using popular art in education by building theoretical interpretive contexts.
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EN
Grzegorz Dziamski High an Low Art Many people believe that the division into high and low art is already a thing of the past, that postmodernity effectively eradicated it. I would like to contradict this view by putting the thesis that the division of art into high and low always existed, and postmodernism changed only the relation to low art. A modern or modernist version of division into high and low art becomes a division into elitist and mass art. In the nineteenth century, well-known opposition of the mass art, subdued to market mechanisms, and the elitist art countering these mechanisms were formed. This opposition finds its extreme expression in the writings of Jose Ortega y Gasset and Clement Greenberg – representatives of the Frankfurt School. Mass art wants to be a popular art, it’s obvious, but the thesis does not always work. Whether or not a mass-produced objects belong to popular art depends not only on the producers, but also, and perhaps mostly – on the consumer. It is high time for aesthetics to become popular, posthumously appealing to Richard Shusterman, who was an American aesthetics theoretician. What aesthetics would bring to reflection on popular art? Shusterman says that aesthetics should validate popular art, but such legitimacy is probably unnecessary, because no one refuses popular art the status of art. It is also not clear why educated elites should contribute to improvement of popular art if this art is not addressed to them and it does not even provide any entertainment to them. It would mean putting popular art under the guardianship of the elite, and that would start a returning to some version of Platonism. On the other hand, one may wonder whether popular art is not constantly being improved by the industry, experts, psychologists, sociologists, marketing specialists and public employees. Of course, they are improving popular art in the context of box office. Post-modernity has not overcome the opposition of low art / high art, it only has redefined and changed our attitude towards it. Hierarchical tolerance and hierarchical pluralism thus replaced hierarchical intolerance. The proponents of high art have ceased to demand the liquidation of low art.
EN
The conception of aesthetic education and its consequences by Richard Shusterman were presented in this article. On the basis of this neopragmatist’s philosophy, it was considered as a need for changes within the sphere of this education and education in general. Education ought to be based on somaesthetics and changes should provide aesthetical experience and aesthetical perception. Thanks to this, a human may derive a pleasure from art, what in consequence may lead to the approval of its practical character. Those changes may also include popular art and draw attention to the problem of legitimacy of the art in the curriculum. Furthermore, it also should put under consideration the problem of carnality and bodymind dualism. Aesthetic education, having Shusterman’s conception, may affect human development and better understating of body. Moreover, it can affect self-creation and may lead to practicing the philosophy, sometimes even starting a lifestyle based on the aesthetical model of life.
PL
W artykule została przedstawiona koncepcja edukacji estetycznej R. Shustermana oraz jej konsekwencje dla edukacji estetycznej. Na podstawie filozofii tego neopragmatysty uznano potrzebę zmian zarówno w tej edukacji, jak w edukacji w ogóle. Edukacja ma być oparta na założeniach somaestetyki, a zmiany mają uwzględnić doświadczenie estetyczne i percepcję estetyczną, dzięki czemu człowiek może czerpać przyjemność ze sztuki, a w konsekwencji uznać praktyczny charakter sztuki. Zmiany mają także uwzględnić sztukę popularną i zwrócić uwagę na problem uprawomocnienia tej sztuki w programie nauczania, oraz problem cielesności i dualizmu ciała-umysłu (bodymind). Edukacja estetyczna uwzględniająca koncepcję estetyki R. Shustermana wpłynie na rozwój człowieka, zrozumienie ciała i lepsze kierowanie nim, samokreację oraz może zachęcić do praktykowania filozofii, a nawet prowadzić do sztuki życia opartej na estetycznym modelu życia.
EN
The study explores the exchange of impulses and ideas between the three fields indicated in the title, presenting Petr Bogatyrev as their mediator. It is concerned, among other things, with Bogatyrev connecting the findings of French sociologically-oriented ethnologists, such as Emil Durkheim and Luciene Lévy-Bruhl, and German ethnologists (Hans Neumann) to the theories of the Prague Linguistic Circle and their influence of Jan Mukařovský’ sociology of art. The author focuses on the way in which Bogatyrev combines the formal and sociological perspectives, and applies them on different cultural phenomena (folk beliefs, folk art, high art) as they move between different cultural strata. Another point of inquiry is the collaboration of Bogatyrev and theatre director E. F. Burian, whose montage of folk poetry is presented in the paper as a theatrical enactment of Bogatyrev’s structural-functional method, i.e. the transformation of function, structure, and meaning in transition between folk and high art.
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