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EN
This paper is aimed to analyze the size of the labor force in Poland, according to the 2011 Population Census and Labor Force Survey at the same time. These data are not consistent, an attempt is made to determine the size and causes of this inconsistency. The number of economically active and working people, as well as two relative measures: activity and employment rates were analyzed. A test of significance of differences between two parameters was used in comparisons. The absolute and relative differences between the same data from two sources were also calculated. All results were considered in total and by gender, age, level of education and place of residence divided into urban and rural areas, and by voivodships.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza wielkości zasobów siły roboczej w Polsce według spisu ludności 2011 i badań aktywności ekonomicznej ludności. Istnieją rozbieżności w danych uzyskanych z tych dwóch źródeł. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak duże są te rozbieżności i jakie są ich przyczyny. Analizowano liczby aktywnych zawodowo i pracujących oraz dwa mierniki względne: współczynnik aktywności zawodowej i wskaźnik zatrudnienia. Do porównań zastosowano test istotności różnicy dwóch parametrów. Obliczono także różnice bezwzględne i względne między tymi samymi danych z dwóch źródeł. Wszystkie wyniki rozpatrywano ogółem oraz według płci, wieku, poziomu wykształcenia oraz miejsca zamieszkania z podziałem na miasta i wsie oraz według województw.
EN
The interests of the state were significantly reflected in the ethnic (national) classification and in the institutional affiliation of nationalities in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, the state power needed to take into account the series of commitments it had agreed on in Paris in 1919. The Czechoslovak state provided the majority of people from different nationalities with solid conditions for developing a national life. Because of the state power and in order to defend the interests of the nation, a rather problematic definition of nationality was created in the 1921 and 1930 population censuses. The main problems of the Czechoslovak Republic were twofold. On the one hand, the state power did not assume the role of referee standing above competing nationalities – unlike what happened in Cisleithania ‒ while on the other hand, it actually tended to identify with one nationality only. Therefore, the 1921 census included a hybrid category for nationality (the mother tongue) with the clear message that ‘mother tongue’ related to a person’s group of origin regardless of his or her actual language usage. The present analysis covering two decades from 1918 to 1938 revealed the significance of the independent judicial power. The Supreme Administrative Court in Czechoslovakia acquired the executive power to clarify the meaning of the term „nationality“, and more specifically to elucidate the connection between mother tongue and nationality. The Czechoslovak census formally defended the principle of the subjective concept of nationality. However, free choice of nationality was limited by the mother tongue, which became an objectively-defined criterion.
EN
The article examines how different social and urban processes were reflected in the spatial patterns of three dimensions of population structure (demographic, socio-economic, and ethnic statuses) in Prague during the socialist and post-socialist periods. The article has three main objectives. First, it analyses inertia and change in socio-spatial patterns and evaluates the processes that have influenced them. Second, it investigates how the importance of all three statuses in the spatial differentiation of urban space has evolved. Third, the article focuses on the level of geographical variability as recorded within different spatial scales, and the development of this variability. It examines selected indicators of socio-economic, demographic, and ethnic statuses by employing detailed statistical data on the level of basic settlement units from the Population Censuses held in 1970, 1991, and 2011. The results confirm that the most significant changes in socio-spatial patterns between socialism and post-socialism can be observed for ethnic spatial differentiation. In addition, the city witnessed considerable changes in demographic spatial patterns in both periods, while socio-economic spatial patterns have remained relatively stable. New socio-spatial processes driven predominantly by movements of young and better-off populations have taken place in previously less attractive neighbourhoods. As a result, very different populations often live side-by-side in contemporary Prague.
EN
Comparing the results of the censuses of the language of daily use in the Bohemian lands before the First World War, and nationality censuses after the First World War, has been a subject of scientific and journalistic interest for almost a century. Until now, Czech historians have considered the results of Cisleithanian censuses to be imprecise and underestimated the Czech language use, while considering the results of nationality censuses in 1921 and 1930 to be exact. This study proves that such judgments are too simplistic, since even subsequent to 1918 state policy significantly affected census results, and furthermore there was a part of the population which could not clearly be fitted into one particular nationality or one language. The study analyses the factors which contributed to the increase in Czech nationality and decline in German and Polish nationality subsequent to 1918. It compares the weight of various factors on a countrywide scale, and also on the scale of different regions and locations.
EN
This study focuses on interpretive discrepancies in evaluating numbers of victims in the war between the constitutive nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Varying interpretations of research conducted on the numerical population losses have been caused by the long-term absence of a postwar population census. This article analyzes and summarizes discrepant calculations of the overall number of victims and the proportional losses of the individual nations. These sources were quantified by experts from the ranks of the nations involved in the conflict, demographers of the former Yugoslavia and also foreign researchers using varied methodological approaches. Their inconsistent, and in places entirely contradictory calculations (and subsequent interpretations) clearly illustrate to what extent the statistical discipline relies on the relevance of the data that is entered into calculations, and to what extent it can be used or abused for political purposes. At its conclusion, this contribution summarizes the partial quantitative data and its relevance in the reconstruction of an approximate range of the number of victims in the Bosnian conflict.
EN
The article discusses major features of censuses, focusing particularly on the recent census of the population of Poland (National Census of Population and Housing 2011, NSP 2011). Description of the census is preceded by a general historical background and by a presentation of the context created by recommendations concerning population censuses provided by international bodies, as well as experiences and practices implemented by various countries. Usefulness of census data on population is analyzed, as well as their advantages and disadvantages and prospects for the future. While the first part of the article discussing the characteristics of the NSP 2011 focuses on the official assumptions underlying the census, adopted methodology, etc., the second part attempts at a critical assessment of these assumptions and of the quality of census data.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje podstawowe cechy spisów ludności, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem spisu ludności Polski w 2011 roku (NSP 2011). Charakterystyka badania spisowego poprzedzona została krótkim rysem historycznym oraz przedstawieniem kontekstu, jaki stanowią zalecenia międzynarodowych organizacji, dotyczące przeprowadzania spisów ludności, a tak- że doświadczenia i praktyka różnych państw w tym zakresie. Dokonano analizy użyteczności informacji uzyskiwanych o ludności w spisach, wad i zalet badania oraz zarysowano perspektywy na przyszłość. W pierwszej części, stanowiącej omówienie NSP 2011, artykuł koncentruje się głównie na oficjalnych założeniach badania spisowego, przyjętych zasadach metodologicznych itd., w drugiej części podjęto próbę krytycznej oceny tych założeń i jakości pozyskanych w spisie informacji.
EN
The article consists of four parts. A review of data sources on unemployment, briefly methodologies and definitions of the unemployed are discussed in the first part. The accuracy of the data on unemploy- ment, determined by sampling and non-sampling errors, is presented in the second part. In the third part a comparison analysis of the number of unemployed and the unemployment rate according to the 2011 population census, the Labour Force Surveys and registration of the unemployed are included. The fourth part attempts to explain the causes of differences in the measurement of unemployment between three considered data sources.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim.
EN
In this paper there was presented the problem of national identity development in the Eastern Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The used source materials concerned with thedistribution of population speaking Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian) languages and declaring themselves as practising Roman Catholic or Greek Catholic religion within the administrative districts. The data came from the population censuses carried out in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the years 1890, 1900 and 1910. Based on the calibrated maps of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the census data, geostatistical analysis was performed using GIS software. The obtained thematic maps of language and religion distribution in the Eastern Galicia enabled to distinguish the Polish, Polish-Ruthenian and Ruthenian areas. Spatial interpretation of the results was preceded by historical study of the examined area.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
PL
An Unknown Census of the Population of Przemyśl from mid-1918: A Primary Source Analysis Nieznany spis ludności Przemyśla z połowy 1918 roku. Studium źródłoznawcze Przemyśl, położony we wschodniej Galicji, stanowił w latach autonomii ważne regionalne centrum administracyjne i oświatowe, oferował też duże możliwości zatrudnienia, szeroki wachlarz usług i dobrze rozwinięty handel. Był wówczas miastem zróżnicowanym pod względem struktury narodowościowej i wyznaniowej, co w pełni utrzymało się w okresie I wojny światowej. Odnaleziony spis ludności Przemyśla, przeprowadzony latem 1918 roku, przedstawia lokalną społeczność w formie typowej dla galicyjskiego miasta wielokulturowego, w którym obok historycznych nacji (polskiej, ruskiej/ukraińskiej i żydowskiej) funkcjonują rodziny wywodzące się z innych prowincji austriackich; to ostatnie tego rodzaju źródło przekrojowe, oddające krajobraz społeczny uformowany w okresie rozbiorów. W sumie odnaleziono 1163 ankiety spisowe, obejmujące ok. 40 ulic i placów miejskich, w obrębie których zarejestrowano 334 domy. W rejestrach zachowały się informacje o 4507 osobach, co stanowi ok. 10% mieszkańców Przemyśla, których ogólną liczbę szacuje się w 1918 roku na 45 tys. Spis pozwala na wskazanie poszczególnych osób z imienia i nazwiska, określenie ich wieku i płci, miejsca urodzenia, jak również pozycji w rodzinie podstawowej i rozszerzonej, tworzącej jedno gospodarstwo domowe. Umożliwia ponadto ustalenie ich przynależności religijnej (wyznanie, obrządek), a w niektórych przypadkach również wykonywanego zawodu lub wskazanie innego źródła utrzymania. Na jego podstawie można obliczyć liczebność rodzin poszczególnych wyznań i obrządków, precyzyjnie określić miejsce ich zamieszkania w pojedynczych domach czy oficynach, przypisanych do konkretnych ulic i placów miejskich, a także dzielnic i przedmieść. Przedmiotem szczegółowej analizy statystycznej i socjotopograficznej uczyniono dla przykładu wybrane ulice, dla których zachowało się najwięcej ankiet spisowych. Wynika z niej, że przeciętny dom ujęty w spisie zasiedlało 3,7 rodzin, przy czym domy przy centralnie położonych ulicach – nawet 8,5 rodziny. Najlepiej reprezentowaną w spisie ulicę 3 Maja (290 rodzin) zamieszkiwali w przewadze Żydzi, następnie Polacy, zdecydowanie mniej odnotowano tu Ukraińców (Rusinów), a tym bardziej przedstawicieli innych nacji. Drugą pod względem rangi na tym przedmieściu, ulicę Grunwaldzką, zamieszkiwali z kolei w przewadze Polacy, następnie Rusini, rzadziej Żydzi. Większość zarejestrowanych mieszkańców Przemyśla była migrantami napływającymi do miasta z najbliższego regionu, ale nie brakowało w nim przybyszów z odległych stron i praktycznie wszystkich krajów monarchii austriackiej. W kategorii głów rodzin zaskakuje znaczna nadreprezentacja młodych kobiet, widoczna zwłaszcza w rodzinach polskich, po części żydowskich, najmniej ukraińskich.
EN
Przemyśl, located in eastern Galicia, was an important administrative and educational centre during the era of autonomy; the city offered many possibilities for employment, a wide range of services and had well-developed commerce. It was a nationally and religiously diverse city, the feature being also omnipresent during the First World War period. A population census, carried out during the summer of 1918, reveals a local society in the form of a typical Galician multicultural city in which, apart from historical nationalities (Poles, Ruthenians/Ukrainians and Jews), families from other Austrian provinces lived and worked. It is the last such source that reflects the landscape formed during the division of the Commonwealth. 1,163 questionnaires were located, from about 40 streets and plazas, in which 334 houses were situated. We found information on 4,507 people (about 10% of the population of Przemyśl, which numbered about 45,000 in 1918). The census made it possible to identify personal data, age, sex, birthplace and the position of the respondents in the basic and extended family, constituting one household. It also reveals their religious denomination and in some cases social status and profession. The census enables us to calculate of the size of the families of each religion and precisely pinpoint their address in each house and outbuilding in correlation to individual streets, squares, districts and suburbs. The subject under analysis encompasses the streets with the most surviving data material. The research revealed that on average a single house was occupied by 3.7 families, and in the central streets as many as 8.5 families. The best-represented, 3 Maja Street (290 families), was mostly occupied by Jews, followed by Poles; while Ruthenians and other nations were less represented. The second most represented, Street, was mostly occupied by Poles; next were Ruthenians and Jews. Most of the registered population was composed of migrants, coming into the city from nearby regions, but also from all of the provinces of the Habsburg Empire. In the “head of families” category we can see a surprisingly large overrepresentation of young women, especially in Polish and in part Jewish families; this issue was less common in Ruthenian families. N209–231
EN
The population of the Kaliningrad Oblast RF mainly consists of immigrants. The region was settled after the Second World War during the existence of the USRR. At the beginning of the nineties of the XX century began contacts with the closest neighbours : Poland, Lithuania which after the declaration of independence turned out to be a foreign country for the citizens of the Kaliningrad Oblast and trips to Germany and Scan-dinavian countries. The positive and permanent change of the decline of the USRR is that the Kaliningrad Oblast is now widely open. As a result the return to the situation from be-fore the year 1991 seems to be impossible and unacceptable for the citizens of Kaliningrad Oblast.
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