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The Genesis of Ethnically Motivated Control in Russia: Keeping Watch on the Poles in the Nineteenth Century

100%
Grigor’eva K.
Polish Sociological Review
|
2020
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vol. 210
|
issue 2
199-218
EN
This paper reviews the genesis of ethnically motivated control in the nineteenth-century Russian Empire. We determined that people of Polish descent were the main target of the earliest examples of the practice of such types of control. “Watching the Poles” differed from classic police surveillance and was closer to more modern intelligence practices: an entire category of population, rather than specific individuals, were being controlled. The practice was not passive either; it involved the Imperial government’s active intrusion into the private lives of people of Polish descent. This allows us to view the Empire’s attitude toward Poles as an early example of population policy and control over the Poles as one of the tools of executing this policy in practice.
2
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Polityka ludnościowa jako element strategii odbudowy pozycji imperialnej Federacji Rosyjskiej

88%
Szabaciuk A.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2016
|
issue 4(361)
117-133
EN
The article aims to answer the question to what extent demographic and migrational determinants may influence the geopolitical situation of the Russian Federation. It is no secret that the Kremlin's authorities have for nearly two decades endeavoured to reintegrate the post-soviet area, fortifying Russia's political and economic position in the region and thus attempting to challenge the EU and the US in an effort to modify the present system of international relations. A multi-polar system of international relations is meant to terminate the North America's domination in global politics, restoring an imperial role to Russia. It is not just hollow rhetoric; the Russian authorities have undertaken a number of steps to realise these plans. The war with Georgia, the Ukrainian crisis, the intervention in Syria, but also the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, are vivid signs of activity and determination of the new Russian elites, consistently executing their neo-imperialist projects. They may, however, be thwarted by economic difficulties and demographic crisis in the Russian Federation. Wanting to secure the neo-imperial course, the Kremlin must find a solution to these two strongly intertwined problems.
3
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POPULATION POLICY: BETWEEN SHAPING DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND REACTING TO THEM

75%
Hrynkiewicz J., Szukalski P.
Polityka Społeczna
|
2018
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vol. 45
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issue 1(14) 100 Years Social Policy in Poland
20-24
EN
The paper is aimed at presentation of how Polish population policy was affected by socio-political context in the last 100 years and how is implemented in the 21st century. The paper starts with presentation of what is the importance of demographic data for good state governance. Later sections are dealing with history of population censuses, changes in perception of the most important demographic issues over the studied period and a role played by the Governmental Council for Population Policy. The last section is focused on the most important elements of the population policy implemented in the last 20 years.
4
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Tendencje demograficzne a polityka ludnościowa w Polsce

63%
Gogół A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2016
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vol. 283
|
issue 3
145-162
EN
The objective of the paper is to present demographic trends in Poland from the end of World War II to 2014 and to highlight their impact on population policy. The analysis uses data from Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS). It is also based on reports by the Supreme Audit Office (NIK) about how family policy is coordinated in Poland. The results show that since 1989 fertility rates have dropped below the replacement threshold that needs to be met in order to keep the population steady. The rates continue to decline. In 2002, the number of deaths in Poland for the first time exceeded the number of live births. According to a demographic projection by the Central Statistical Office, as a result of adverse demographic developments, elderly people will account for a third of Poland’s population by 2050. Government efforts to increase fertility rates have failed to produce the expected results. Population policy in Poland has not been clearly defined, in a comprehensive and longterm manner, in any single document. Since there is no consistent method for calculating expenditure on family policy, it is impossible to analyze the costs and benefits of public financing on specific measures.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja trendów demograficznych w Polsce od czasu zakończenia II wojny światowej do 2014 r. oraz ich wpływu na politykę ludnościową. W badaniu wykorzystano dane pobrane ze strony internetowej GUS oraz raport NIK dotyczący koordynacji polityki rodzinnej w Polsce. Uzyskane wyniki analizy wskazują, że od 1989 r. współczynnik dzietności utrzymuje się poniżej bezpiecznego poziomu i stale maleje. Po raz pierwszy w 2002 r. liczba zgonów w Polsce przewyższyła liczbę żywych urodzeń. Według prognoz GUS w wyniku niekorzystnych zmian demograficznych w 2050 r. 1/3 społeczeństwa będzie w wieku poprodukcyjnym. Dotychczasowe działania rządu zmierzające do zwiększenia przyrostu naturalnego nie przyniosły oczekiwanych rezultatów. Polityka ludnościowa w Polsce nie została w sposób całościowy i długoterminowy określona w żadnym dokumencie. Brakuje jednolitej i spójnej metodologii zliczania wydatków na politykę rodzinną, dlatego nie można dokonać analizy osiągniętych efektów w powiązaniu z ponoszonymi nakładami w ramach poszczególnych działań.
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