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Forms of piety among members of religious confraternities in Krakow in the early modern period

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Bruździński A.

Folia Historica Cracoviensia

2015

vol. 21

103-146

The author analyses forms of piety among Krakow religious confraternities, both those which originated already in the Middle Ages and those from the post-Trent epoch. There were dozens of confraternities in the early modern Krakow. The author was able to trace back 36 religious confraternities, active in as many as 51 communities. The article shows that almost every member of each stratum of the urban community, from the patriciate to the commoners, belonged to a religious confraternity of sorts. Confraternities had many functions, but the religious education of Krakow inhabitants was the most significant. In each subsection the author presents various forms of fraternal piety, namely: Christ-centric piety, pneumahagic piety, Marian piety, the worship of angles and saints, as well as the eschatological dimension. Towards the end, the article contains briefly characterises the charitable activities of religious confraternities. The author concludes that religious confraternities played an important role in building the Catholic awareness of the society, and the fraternal piety was indeed a basis and a catalyst of the growth of the city of Krakow.

Autor analizuje formy pobożności krakowskich bractw religijnych, zarówno tych, które powstały jeszcze w średniowieczu, jak i tych z epoki potrydenckiej. W nowożytnym Krakowie działało kilkadziesiąt bractw. Autorowi udało się potwierdzić źródłowo 36 religijnych konfraterni działających wówczas w 51 wspólnotach. Artykuł pokazuje, że niemal każdy członek poszczególnych warstw społeczności miejskiej, od bogatego patrycjatu poczynając, a na ubogim plebsie kończąc, należał do bractw religijnych. Bractwa miały wiele funkcji, jednak jedną z ważniejszych było wychowanie religijne społeczeństwa Krakowa. Autor w podrozdziałach przedstawia różne formy pobożności brackiej: pobożność chrystocentryczną, pobożność pneumahagijną, pobożność maryjną, kult aniołów i świętych, jak również jej wymiar eschatologiczny. W ostatniej części artykułu scharakteryzowana została także działalność charytatywna bractw religijnych. Na zakończenie autor dochodzi do konkluzji, że bractwa religijne odgrywały istotną rolę w budowie katolickiej świadomości społeczeństwa, natomiast sama pobożność bracka była niewątpliwie podłożem i katalizatorem rozwoju Krakowa.

Wokół społeczno-prawnych uwarunkowań i jerozolimskich asocjacji kościoła opackiego w Henrykowie

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Czechowicz B.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

2012

vol. 1

73-84

The most unusual architectural feature of the Cistercian abbey in Henryków is the asymmetrically situated tower from 1608. It was erected by the foundation of abbot Nicolaus Hibner, placing the whole figure epitaph of the founder on it. The inscriptions included comment on the sense of the creation through the fragmenst of travesty of Psalm 26 and Proverbs of Solomon. In the light of above, the tower can be interpreted in the eschatological context associated with the memory of the abbot-founder, but also in the socio-political structure of the Duchy of Münsterberg (Duchy of Ziębice). The rank of the convent was based on the grants, privileges and their confirmations achieved through the centuries; inevitably, it was anchored in the near or distant past. Built in after Trident era, Gothic in its expression, the tower – the eternal symbol of power and security – stands as a monumental artistic parallel of those anchored in the medieval past grants. The comparison with the drawings from 1486 indicates that the facade of the abbatial church, enriched with a tower and domed vestibule from 18th century, could have been formed over many decades in reference to the temple concealing the tomb of Lord. The literary (historiographical) legacy provides several examples of identifying of Cistercians, also those from Henryków, with the Chosen People. The references to the Jerusalemite topography can be found on the epitaphs of two 16th century Cistercians from Henryków. Concerning the church in Henryków as such, there are not as legible, however, there must be drawn a question about the shape of medieval chapel of st. James, situated on the axis of the temple, which from 1760–1762 was replaced with elliptical chapel of st. Mary Magdalene, in which the medieval tomb of abbey benefactors was placed – The Duke Bolko and his wife Judith (Jutta).

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1 Bruździński A.

1 Czechowicz B.

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Forms of piety among members of religious confraternities in Krakow in the early modern period

Wokół społeczno-prawnych uwarunkowań i jerozolimskich asocjacji kościoła opackiego w Henrykowie