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EN
Students are increasingly recognised as important actors of urban change in contemporary cities. The article presents an analysis of incipient studentification processes in Gdańsk. Its general aim is to reveal patterns of students’ presence and activity which translate into spatial and socio-economic transformations of a post-socialist city at the level of neighbourhoods. The study consists of a survey on students’ residential behaviour, complemented by field and desk research. According to the results, due to the fact that Polish students’ housing and lifestyle choices are limited by their low purchasing power, student-dedicated services have a rather negative impact on the quality of urban space. Furthermore, under these conditions studentification may not be regarded as a stimulus to the gentrification process, which is rather driven by hipsters and affluent foreign students.
EN
The article presents the case study of the Mediaschool Film Festival held in Łódź, a large Polish post-industrial and post-socialist city. The authors’ main goals were to establish the number of the festival visitors, as well as investigate their structure, main motivations to attend the festival, and the level of satisfaction with the festival services. As a result, the authors draw conclusions concerning the role of the festival as a place of the film culture consumption, as well as its role in the development of social capital. The basic method of study was the survey, conducted among the festival visitors in 2011. It contained questions concerning the structure of the festival audience, the evaluation of the event, and the main motivations to attend it. The method was adapted from the event studies, which was a tactical move in order to place the research on the borderline between cultural geography and event studies. Other methods typical of cultural geography and used in the present study included participant observation and semi-structured interview with the festival organisers. The event is one of the urban festivals created after the fall of communism. It is visited mainly by young people, often connected with the Łódź film school. First of all, the festival satisfies the need for contact with culture and film art, thus contributing to the creation of social capital and the development of the film school in Łódź (a part of the cluster of film institutions in the city). The event is a meeting point for film people from Łódź, Poland and abroad. Thus it could be also described as an obligatory point of passage in film-related network of connections.
EN
The article presents a discussion on the anatomy of place-making within the framework of the communication processes against the background of social order in a post-socialist city. The main aim of the text is to look at the social mechanisms of place-making processes “under the microscope”. The place-making activities are very often associated with planning and urban design. However, behind that planning veil is the social world of urban neighbourhood communities. In the article we propose, the social communication and participation processes are among the key factors responsible for creating urban spaces. We are presenting a place-making case study, using the example of Asnyk Square in Poznań. In this context, we are analysing social attitudes and social communication, which took place in the course of the place-making processes and influenced urban planning activities. The discussed case is complicated and provides no easy solutions.
XX
Housing estates are one of the most important legacies of the socialist regime and continue to infl uence the shape of Czech towns even today. Despite pessimistic predictions about their future in the early 1990s, they are still a widespread and valued type of housing. This article, unlike other primarily economically oriented studies, analyses the situation and possible future development of Czech housing states by combining three theoretical perspectives from urban sociology: social ecology, the political economy of place, and a culturalist perspective. A contributing factor to the stable situation of housing estates is the ambivalent relationship that exists towards this type of construction, which ultimately never became convincingly stigmatised. Many of the inhabitants of such estates have moreover established fi rm roots in there and their interest in their place of residence is often sustained by a proprietarial relationship towards the fl at they live in. However, some important factors that could cause this to change in the future include the concentration of ethnic minorities in some locations and the risk of the collapse of collective negotiation among occupant-owners. A deep, empirically grounded prognosis of the future of Czech housing estates requires systematic research focused on a specific location and designed to capture the overlooked political-economic and cultural dimensions of this issue.
EN
Over 180 articles concerning urban geography aspects of European post-socialist cities and their near hinterland, published between 1990-2012 in international journals, were selected for the analysis in this paper. Statistics of articles by journals, analysed cities (and their countries) and authors proves the preponderance of research on post-socialist Central European capitals, especially Berlin, Prague and Budapest, followed by Leipzig and Łodź, as well as Moscow and Tallinn. It also proves that the number of domestic authors and those who moved from post-socialist Europe to Western universities gradually increased, while the number of authors from the West decreased. The analysis of representations of article topics, their explanations and justifications were carried out in the second part of the paper. The most frequent article topics include ‘social spatial structure of the city and its transformation’, followed by ‘urban planning and management in the city’ and ’suburbanisation and urban sprawl in the near hinterland of the city’. A smaller number of articles refers to ‘physical spatial structure of the city and its transformation’, ‘housing structure in urban neighbourhoods in connection with changes in housing policy and market’ and ‘functional spatial structure of the city and its transformation’. Indexes of the articles are part of this paper
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EN
Automobile traffic has been recently on the rise in many post-socialist cities despite EU policies fostering public transportation and active modes of travel. Against this background, the contribution of this paper is to look deeper into the travel behaviours of residents using a survey of 887 questionnaires as well as GPS travel recordings (almost 3 billion logs) conducted in the city of Poznań (539,000 inhabitants). Based on our analysis we found that proximity to public transport and cycling infrastructure seem to be among the most important factors influencing travel behaviours of inhabitants. What is more, their accessibility affected also residential locational preferences. However, we also observed that even in neighbourhoods with good accessibility, commuting by car plays a major role.
EN
Large housing estates make up an essential portion of the housing stock in the urban structure of Polish cities. It was expected that large housing estates in Poland might experience social decline in the 1990s, but several research projects conducted in the estates did not identify any increase in social degradation. This article examines the social structure of the residents of large housing estates in Poland and identifies the main trends in current social changes. The time frame of ongoing transformations in the social structure was set around the turn of the 21st century. This analysis is based on Polish 1988 and 2002 National Census data, the Polish PESEL population database (2011), and the author’s survey data (2010–2012). Research was conducted in seven housing estates in fi ve Polish cities or towns (Poznań, Kraków, Tarnów, Dzierżoniów, and Żyrardów) and focused on analysing the sizes and types of households and their economic situation and the social structure of the estates. Results showed that large housing estates continue to have a heterogeneous social structure and to resist social deprivation processes. Depending on the period when a particular estate was built it is possible to observe distinctive features of housing estates, such as social structure renewal in housing estates from the 1950s and 1960s, residential ageing in those from the 1970s, and the risk of an exodus of young residents from estates from the 1980s. Those shared problems may soon become decisive for the future development of large estates.
PL
Wielkie osiedla mieszkaniowe o zabudowie blokowej, w języku potocznym i w literaturze naukowej określane też „blokowiskami” lub „osiedlami z wielkiej płyty”, stanowią najbardziej widoczne dziedzictwo socjalizmu we współczesnych miastach postsocjalistycznych i bardzo istotny element struktury społeczno-przestrzennej tych miast. Głównym celem artykułu jest ilustracja przemian, które nastąpiły po 1990 r. w strukturze społecznej, oraz prestiżu tych osiedli w mieście postsocjalistycznym, a także określenie, jaki jest kierunek, tempo, determinanty i efekty tych przemian. Za ważne uznano odpowiedź na dwa pytania: po pierwsze, jakie jest miejsce wielkich osiedli mieszkaniowych z strukturze społeczno-przestrzennej miasta postsocjalistycznego, a po drugie, czy osiedla te powielają ścieżki przekształceń wielkich osiedli w miastach zachodnioeuropejskich, czy też przekształcają się w sposób swoisty, specyficzny dla miast po socjalizmie? Pracę oparto na analizie dostępnej literatury omawiającej przemiany osiedli w wybranych krajach i miastach Europy Centralnej i Wschodniej oraz publikowanych wcześniej własnych badaniach empirycznych autorki.
EN
Large block housing estates built after the Second World War are present in the urban landscapes of many Central East European countries. Moreover, they constitute the dominant form of urban residential environment and a significant part of the socio-spatial structure of post-socialist cities. The main purpose of this paper was to identify ongoing changes in post-socialist large housing estates and to clarify their main factors. These analyses were encompassed the changes in socio-demographic and socio-economic structure of inhabitants of large housing estates and the changes in their residential prestige. The main question was how large housing estates built during the socialist period have changed in new socio-demographic, political and economic conditions, which emerged after the collapse of socialism. The second question was, whether the transformations within large housing estates of post-socialist cities distinguishes from the processes taking place in West European cities. The study was based on a review of the available literature and the author’s own previously published work.
EN
This paper traces residential and spatial urban transformations in Albania, one of the last post-socialist countries embracing neoliberalism. To do this, we employed a discourse analysis based on analogies of uneven urban peripheral developments in the regions of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), evaluating the impact of uneven (sub) urban development of settlements, with a particular emphasis on socio-economic aspects that need to be addressed in the process of extensive urban growth of the Tirana city region. Our empirical analysis reveals the inherent diversity of urban experiences across post-socialist countries in CEE with a particular reference to how the new post-socialist urban landscape in the Tirana city region produces geographically uneven socio-spatial development. Additionally, we highlight the dichotomy between the urban conditions of a ‘fortress landscape’ in the southern part of the capital of Tirana and its northern part of a new emerging small municipality lagging behind (in)formally with a new fringes identity. Our findings theoretically contribute to a post-socialist critique of urban studies due to urban theory’s neglect of post-socialist cities like Tirana.
EN
The paper aims to show differentiation of the socio-economic statut of sixty selected housing estates in Czechia on the example of the educational level of the population. We focus both on the differentiation of the housing estates and on the comparison of their position within the Czech cities. Our analyses show that even if the position of most housing estates as compared with other urban neigbourhoods has deteriorated in last decades, they still represent a very heterogeneous set of neighbourhoods in Czechia.
EN
The article examines the rise of informal spatial practices in the areas left in shadows of the socialist planning system, in Belgrade (Serbia, former Yugoslavia) in the 1970s and 1980s. By looking into the relation of spontaneous interventions with the constitutionally enacted system of territorial self-management, we explore both the enclaves of everyday life forming in parallel to the hegemonic and homogenous plan, and highly formalised, planned attempts at emulating spontaneous practices in large housing projects.
EN
There is no abstract available for this language
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problemy dotyczące rozwoju festiwali sztuki miejskiej w miastach postsocjalistycznych na przykładzie Łodzi – jednego z największych miast Polski. Autorzy przeprowadziliankietę podczas Festiwalu Medialnego „Człowiek niebezpieczeństwie”, zorganizowanego w Łodzi, a poświęconego głównie filmom dokumentalnym. Rozważania dotyczą zjawisk z dziedziny geografii kulturowej i miejskiej, analizowanych w badaniach nad wydarzeniami kulturalnymi, a także oceny tych wydarzeń i motywacji uczestnictwa w nich. Uczestnikami są głównie młodzi mieszkańcy Łodzi, z których wielu jest studentami szkoły filmowej. Głównymi czynnikami motywującymi uczestnictwo w „evencie” są potrzeba doznań kulturalnych i nowych doświadczeń, ciekawość oraz chęć rozwijania kontaktów towarzyskich. Na podstawie analizy autorzy przedstawiają wnioski dotyczące roli wydarzeń kulturalnych w rozwoju kultury w mieście i spełnieniu potrzeb mieszkańców. Badanie ukazuje, że festiwal odgrywa znaczącą rolę w zaspokajaniu potrzeb kulturalnych, pogłębianiu zainteresowań oraz tworzeniu kapitału społecznego.
PL
ABSTRAKT: Wielkie osiedla mieszkaniowe wybudowane po II wojnie światowej są obecne niemal we wszystkich miastach europejskich, jednak systemowe i polityczne czynniki zdecydowały, że na największą skalę rozwinęły się w krajach socjalistycznych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest diagnoza stanu wielkich osiedli mieszkaniowych w postsocjalistycznej Polsce, a także określenie możliwości ich przekształceń zmierzających do poprawy warunków zamieszkania w tych osiedlach.
EN
ABSTRACT: Large housing estates, built after the Second World War are present nearly in all European cities, however, systemic and political factors decided that they developed on the largest scale in socialist countries. This paper focuses on large housing estates in post-socialist Poland. The aim of the article is the evaluation of large housing estates in post-socialist Poland, and the chances for their successful transformation, which aim at providing the inhabitants with housing conditions fully satisfying their needs.
EN
As a result of post-socialist political transformations and globalization-related pro-cesses, the architectural landscape of Central and Eastern European cities is undergoing signi-ficant metamorphosis. Their architecture reflects and visualises not only economic, but also social and cultural changes. The transformations and architectural refurbishment contribute to the alteration of the city’s image and the creation of new divisions into “luxury zones” and marginalized areas.
PL
W wyniku postsocjalistycznej transformacji ustrojowej i procesów związanych z globalizacją krajobraz architektoniczny miast Europy Centralnej i Wschodniej ulega istotnym przemianom. Architektura odzwierciedla i obrazuje zachodzące zmiany nie tylko gospodarcze i ekono-miczne, ale również społeczne i kulturowe. Pod wpływem podejmowanych przekształceń i działań architektonicznych zmienia się obraz miasta i tworzą między innymi nowe podziały – “obszary luksusu” oraz przestrzenie zmarginalizowane.
EN
This article approaches complex relationships between disturbance-based ecologies and processes of urbanisation by focusing on urban fringes and valuation of life-forms within landscapes. The thematic discussion is inspired by changes of the Paljassaare Peninsula in Tallinn, which motivated the author to analytically assemble historical layers, ecological imaginations, and stories of planetary affects. The fieldwork related to the article’s argumentation is mainly based on the ethnographic method bringing together observations, interviews, and thematic narratives. The study indicates that disturbances and non-humans/birds become part of the landscape as intertwined materiality and perceiving-with, which involve tensions between presence and absence, and also tensions between past and future. The environment is not a passive “stage” in the process, but appears through emotional landscapes by creating relations between humans and non-humans. Transboundary flight trajectories of birds widen the perspective on earth-bound connections in urban space and make to rethink ways of co-existing. Urban landscapes linked to the sea accumulate diverse disturbances and ruptures, and their effects can be conflicting and interpretations change in time. The current study reveals tension fields and partial continuity of processes in which the Soviet-era legacy forms just one part in the complex assemblage. The border zone and the closed military-industrial complex in Tallinn coastal terrain generated conditions for disturbance-based ecologies, which have significantly influenced urban landscapes. Interim usages and valued ecologies slowed down effects of urbanisation and gave “voice” to particular characteristics of urban nature through which the Paljassaare Peninsula and migratory corridors of birds became part of a wider urban change. The desired (urban) nature appears as an expression of good and bad ecologies influenced by imaginations about landscapes and infrastructure. The evolvement of green areas and waterfront spaces in post-socialist cities is approached as part of Europeanisation, in which practices of European Union states are smoothly and uncritically adapted. The example of Paljassaare reveals entangled multi-dimensional connections between history, civil-society initiatives, and ideas of spatial planning, which were based on care and enabled the bordering of Natura 2000 bird protection area despite urbanisation pressure. Therefore, urban nature and urban landscapes as contested links between the (post)Soviet heritage and Europeanisation require in-depth analysis for revealing a more complex process than linear transformation. The following of disturbance-based ecologies and longer durations make it possible to problematise the Soviet-era homogenous legacy. Anthropocene traces, as a dominant force of humankind, have materialised in Paljassaare through industry, mining, building of a military complex and infrastructure of urbanisation, which, step-by-step, firmly linked the former islands to the city. Urban spatial futures lean on environmental legacy and simultaneously try to distance from the dark side of legacies. The paradox is that the terrains extensively disturbed by human activities can become meaningful within landscapes in problematising the forces of humankind and the position of humans in the context of the Anthropocene.
EN
 This paper focuses on large-scale housing estates in Łódź as an example of post-socialist city. The aim of the article is to describe the large housing estates in Łódź in the light of statistical data and to identify and clarify the social, spatial and functional changes which have occurred in transformation period in these estates. The study is based on the results of National Censuses (1988 and 2002) and on the data of unpublished materials of the Municipality of Łódź. The article consists of four parts. First part presents generał Information on LHE in Poland. The second describes the development of LHE in Łódź and its current situation in the light of statistical data. The third part presents the results of an analysis of social, spatial and functional changes that have been taking place in LHE in Łódź in transformation period. The fourth is a conclusion providing an answer to the ąuestion why LHE in post-socialist Łódź still seem to offer fairly satisfactory conditions (physically and socially) and why they are still attractive in comparison with other areas of the city.
PL
W pracy skoncentrowano się na dużych osiedlach mieszkaniowych w Łodzi jako przykładzie miasta postsocjalistycznego. Celem artykułu jest opisanie dużych osiedli mieszkaniowych w Łodzi w świetle danych statystycznych oraz zidentyfikowanie i wyjaśnienie społecznych, przestrzennych i funkcjonalnych zmian, jakie zaszły na tych osiedlach w okresie transformacji. Badania opierają się na wynikach spisów powszechnych (1988 i 2002) oraz na danych z niepublikowanych materiałów gminy Łódź. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. Pierwsza część przedstawia ogólne informacje na temat wielkich zespołów mieszkaniowych (LHE) w Polsce. Druga część opisuje rozwój LHE w Łodzi oraz ich obecną sytuację w świetle danych statystycznych. W trzeciej części przedstawiono wyniki analizy zmian społecznych, które zachodziły w LHE w Łodzi w okresie transformacji przestrzennych i funkcjonalnych. Czwarta część koncentruje się na udzieleniu odpowiedzi na pytanie, dlaczego LHE w postsocjalistycznej Łodzi nadal zdają się oferować dość satysfakcjonujące (fizycznie i społecznie) warunki i dlaczego są one nadal atrakcyjne w porównaniu z innymi obszarami miasta.
EN
The issue of demographic ageing is one of the fundamental problems of most modern societies. In Poland, as in other Central and Eastern European countries this problem has intensified with the systemic transformation as a result of these countries entering the path of demographic development characteristic for Western European societies. Demographic ageing processes are particularly prominent in large cities, but most analyzes of urban ageing cover the entire cities, while less attention is devoted to smaller scale transformations, such as district or settlement levels. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ageing processes that took place in the last quarter in the nine largest prefabricated housing estates in Łódź, built in the socialist period. This issue is important because of the significant share of this form of housing in the city’s housing stock and over one third of the inhabitants live there. The dynamics of this process is also significant and the fact that Łódź is the fastest shrinking city in Poland and one of the fastest in Central and Eastern Europe. This makes the process continually monitored in studies conducted at different spatial scales, not only at the inter-city scale but also at the intra-urban one.
PL
Kwestia starości demograficznej jest jednym z podstawowych problemów większości współczesnych społeczeństw. W Polsce, podobnie jak w innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, problem ten nasilił się wraz z początkiem transformacji ustrojowej na skutek wejścia tych krajów na ścieżkę rozwoju demograficznego charakterystyczną dla społeczeństw zachodnioeuropejskich. Procesy demograficznego starzenia szczególnie silnie zaznaczają się w dużych miastach, jednak większość analiz dotyczących procesów starzenia się miast obejmuje całe jednostki terytorialne, mniej natomiast uwagi poświęca się przemianom zachodzącym w mniejszej skali, czyli na poziomie dzielnic lub osiedli. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza procesów starzenia się, które zaszły w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu w dziewięciu największych prefabrykowanych osiedlach mieszkaniowych Łodzi, powstałych w okresie realnego socjalizmu. Kwestia ta jest istotna ze względu na znaczący udział tej formy zabudowy w zasobach mieszkaniowych miasta i zamieszkiwanie w nich ponad ⅓ łodzian. Istotna jest także duża dynamika tego procesu, ponieważ Łódź jest najszybciej starzejącym się miastem w Polsce i jednym z najszybciej wśród miast Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. To sprawia, że proces ten powinno się stale monitorować w badaniach prowadzonych w różnej skali przestrzennej, nie tylko miejskiej, ale i wewnątrzmiejskiej.
PL
Artykuł stanowi podsumowanie analiz przeprowadzonych w ramach projektu ReNewTown, kilkudziesięciu modeli działania i tzw. dobrych praktyk zrealizowanych i prowadzonych w przestrzeni miast postsocjalistycznych Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej po 1989 r. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz dokonano wyboru 12 najciekawszych rozwiązań, które mogą pełnić funkcje modelowe do lepszego zarządzania miastami w przyszłości. Modele te i dobre praktyki, mające na celu poprawę warunków życia postsocjalistycznych dzielnic i miast, stały się również elementem empirycznej weryfikacji koncepcji miasta postsocjalistycznego.
EN
The paper presents a summation of analyses made during the realisation of the project ReNewTown, tens of models and so called good practices, realised and conducted in the space of post-socialist cities in Poland and Central Europe after 1989. The 12 most interesting solutions were selected which can became a model for better management of cities in the future. These models and good practices aimed at improving of living conditions in post-socialist districts and cities have become an element of empirical verification of the concept of a post-socialist city.
EN
Following the political breakthrough of 1989 architects were faced with completely new challenges. After the lethargy of the 1980s Polish architecture experienced a real turn. A remarkable transformation was taking place along with the general cultural, social, political and economic changes. The opening to the trends in Western culture, the establishment of numerous private architectural studios, the appearance of development companies or foreign investors, coupled with new technological possibilities resulted in the change of Polish urban landscape. As a result, Polish municipal authorities had to review their way of thinking about their cities. The paper aims at analysing the changes stimulated by the “turn” which took place in Polish architecture in the 1990s. It presents some observations on the transformation and the emerging challenges and problems of Łódź urban space.
PL
Przełom polityczny i systemowy, który nastąpił w 1989 r., otworzył przed architektami całkowicie nowe możliwości działalności twórczej. Po marazmie lat 80. w architekturze polskiej nastąpił prawdziwy zwrot. Swoista rewolucja dokonała się w korelacji ze zmianami ogólnokulturowymi, społecznymi, a także politycznymi i gospodarczymi. Otwarcie na nurty obecne w architekturze "Zachodu", powstawanie licznych prywatnych pracowni architektonicznych, pojawienie się firm developerskich, czy też zagranicznych inwestorów, wraz z nowymi możliwościami technologicznymi wpłynęło na przeobrażenia zachodzące w krajobrazie polskich miast. Jednocześnie zmusiło władze miast do zrewidowania sposobu myślenia o mieście. Artykuł stanowi analizę zmian stymulowanych "zwrotem", który miał miejsce w polskiej architekturze lat 90. Prezentuje on spostrzeżenia dotyczące przeobrażeń, jak również pojawiających się nowych wyzwań i problemów zachodzących w łódzkiej przestrzeni miejskiej.
PL
Wielkie prefabrykowane osiedla mieszkaniowe powstawały w całej Europie, jednakże czynniki polityczne i ideologiczne przyczyniły się do tego, że na największą skalę rozwinęły się w krajach realnego socjalizmu. Obecnie nadal stanowią one około 30–40% zasobów mieszkaniowych w tej części Europy. W artykule omówiono przemiany wielkich osiedli mieszkaniowych, jakie zaszły w Polsce w ciągu 25 lat po upadku komunizmu. Głównym celem badań była odpowiedź na następujące pytania: (1) Jak zmieniły się struktury społeczne i demograficzne dużych osiedli mieszkaniowych w Polsce od czasu upadku socjalizmu? (2) Jakie są główne determinanty tych procesów? (3) Czy procesy zachodzące w tych osiedlach odzwierciedlają negatywne zjawiska degradacji społecznej obserwowane w wielu krajach Europy Zachodniej? Podstawą opracowania był przegląd dostępnej literatury dotyczącej przekształceń wielkich osiedli mieszkaniowych w kilku dużych miastach Polski oraz wyniki badań własnych przeprowadzonych w jednym z największych miast w kraju, jakim jest Łódź.
EN
Large pre-fabricated housing estates were erected all over Europe, however the political and ideological factors conspired to ensure that they developed on the largest scale in communist countries. Today, they continue to provide some 30–40% of the housing stock in this part of Europe. The present paper discusses the transformations of large housing estates in Poland 25 years after of the collapse of communism. The main purpose of the study was to identify the social and demographic changes in Polish large housing estates and to clarify the crucial factors underpinning them. The key questions were: (1) How the social and demographic structures of the large housing estates in Poland have changed since the collapse of communism? (2) What are the main determinants of these processes? (3) Whether the processes occurring in large housing estates reproduce the negative phenomena of social degradation observed in many Western European countries? The study is based on a review of the available literature concerning transformations of large housing estates in several of the large Polish cities and the results of the author’s own investigations conducted within Łódź – one of the largest cities in the country.
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