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The article presents a profile of Rev. prof. Jan Salamucha, with a particular emphasis on his heroic attitude and death in the Warsaw Uprising (deceased 11 August 1944).
PL
Artykuł omawia sylwetkę ks. prof. Jana Salamuchy a w szczególności jego postawę i bohaterską śmierć w trakcie powstania warszawskiego (zginął 11 sierpnia 1944 r.).
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EN
The Warsaw Uprising was a major World War II operation organized by the Polish resistance Home Army. It was planned for 1 September 1944. The start of the uprising in Warsaw spurred social resistance against the Nazi occupiers – people from various backgrounds joined the fighting. Among them were people born in Szadek and in the surrounding commune. The names identified so far include Janusz Laube, Jerzy Laube, Stefan Laube, Anna Meylert, by marriage Nawrot, Bogdan Sztolc, and Mieczysław Nowak, who lived in Szadek in the interwar period. They all survived the dramatic time of occupation in the capital, except for Mieczysław Nowak, killed by KL Gross-Rosen. They fought in the ranks of the battalion “Sokół”, Group “Chrobry II” and Group “Żbik”, having earlier participated in conspiratorial activity of Szare Szeregi (wartime Polish Scouting Association) and NSZ.
EN
For a long time after 1945 there was no institution in Europe that would create a European forum for an ideological and intellectual exchange. There was no international tribunal to which one could appeal from unjust judgments and wrong political decisions. The Nuremberg Tribunal certainly did not play such a role. Therefore, the enormity of the crimes committed in Poland could not be submitted as a complaint or an appeal directly to an institution representing the international public opinion. As a result, Polish martyrdom — a gigantic sacrifice of the population of the capital city during the Warsaw Uprising — was ideologically managed more or less successfully by socialist humanism. Infatuationwith the Marxist ideology and fear for the inviolability of borders prevented people from noticing that Germany of the 1950s and 1960s was not only an imperialist peril and hotbed of revisionism, but also a European state seeking integration with other European countries, a state with a vision of common supranational European values. The prison and concentration camp literature in communist Poland was a very specific phenomenon. The sheer number of works by authors little known in the world of literature makes us think about the political context of using these texts.
EN
This paper explores the relations between the centre and the peripheries drawing on examples from war narratives and accounts from Warsaw suburban region. Narratives analyzed here belong all to ‘grassroot’ history (private diaries, monographies by non-professional historians, books published by small, local editorial presses, websites run by local institutions, visual symbols in towns’ space). Main problems addressed in the article are: are the centre and the suburbs described as binary oppositions or rather in terms of gradation? Do the narrators use the strategy of ‘mimicry’ or rather the one of ‘rebellion’ towards the centre? The paper concludes with pointing out three metaphors, which provide patterns to the centre–periphery relations in analyzed region: Warsaw as a volcano, as an empty circle and as a mountain or tower casting a long shadow.
PL
Problemy poruszane w artykule w istocie odnoszą się do szeroko rozumianej socjologii płci i dyskursu z obszaru gender studies. Postawiłyśmy sobie następujące pytania badawcze: Na ile możliwa jest genderowa analiza dyskursu odnoszącego się do problematyki płci w odniesieniu do sytuacji zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa narodowego i walki? Na ile proces militaryzacji konstruuje role kobiet? Możemy zatem pokusić się o pytanie: Czy rzeczywiście żołnierz nie ma płci? W tekście podjęłyśmy próbę „napisania na nowo” wyrywku historii kobiet walczących – stąd analizie poddano teksty powstałe w rzeczywistości wojennej. Uznałyśmy, że pozwoli to na ukazanie ówczesnej perspektywy. Interesuje nas sam język przekazu, utrwalający schematy, archetypy, a być może na obrzeżach ukrywający nowe interpretacje. Do opisu tego posłużyła nam metoda analizy pól semantycznych. Jako teksty źródłowe wybrałyśmy teksty piosenek napisane w rzeczywistości wojennej, szczególnie tuż przed powstaniem warszawskim i w jego trakcie.
EN
The issues discussed in the article relate to sociology of gender and gender discourse in the area of gender studies. The following research questions were asked in this paper: Is it possible to adapt gender discourse analysis to the context of national security threats and fights? ‒ or in other words ‒ To what extend the process of militarization constructs the roles of women? Thus, is it true that a soldier does not have gender? The authors attempt to rewrite the history of militant women. Therefore, texts created in the times of war were analysed in the paper. Hopefully, it will show the contemporary perspective. The authors are interested in language, which preserves patterns and archetypes, but it may also reveal new interpretations. The semantic field analysis was used for the description and the lyrics written in the reality of war, especially ‒ just before and during the Warsaw Uprising were selected as source texts.
Acta Medicorum Polonorum
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 1
65-86
PL
Ewa Nowosielecka-Derus (1924–2000) przyszła na świat w majątku szlacheckim Nowosieleckich, herbu Jelita, w Wojtkowej. Po ukończeniu 7-klasowej Szkoły Powszechnej Żeńskiej im. św. Jadwigi w Dobromilu, kontynuowała naukę w Prywatnym Gimnazjum ss. Niepokalanek w Jarosławiu. Po wybuchu II wojny światowej uczestniczyła w tajnych kompletach realizowanych w Prywatnym Gimnazjum i Liceum Żeńskim ss. Niepokalanek, pod wezwaniem Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej w Szymanowie pod Warszawą. Po złożeniu egzaminu maturalnego w 1942 r. kształciła się w Warszawskiej Szkole Pielęgniarstwa. Kurs ukończyła 25 lipca 1944 r. Ewa Nowosielecka brała czynny udział w powstaniu warszawskim jako łączniczka-sanitariuszka na Mokotowie. Służyła w batalionie „Olza”, wchodzącym w skład Pułku „Baszta” Armii Krajowej. Po upadku powstania wraz z rannymi, którymi się opiekowała, trafiła do obozu przejściowego w Pruszkowie. Została skierowana do transportu do KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, z którego uciekła. Przedostała się do rodziny do Krakowa. W lutym 1945 r. zgłosiła się do pracy w Szpitalu Obozowym Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyża w Oświęcimiu. Następnie rozpoczęła studia medyczne na Uniwersytecie i Politechnice we Wrocławiu, w 1949 r. uzyskała absolutorium, a w 1951 r. otrzymała dyplom Wydziału Lekarskiego Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu. W 1952 r. otrzymała tytuł doktora nauk medycznych. W 1954 r. uzyskała I, a w 1957 r. II stopień specjalizacji jako lekarz internista, specjalista chorób wewnętrznych. Zawodowo była związana z placówkami opieki medycznej w Bielawie, Bytomiu i Tarnowskich Górach
EN
Ewa Nowosielecka-Derus (1924–2000) was born at the Wojtkowa estate of the Nowosieleccy who bore the arms Jelita. After finishing the seventh and final year at Saint Jadwiga Public Girls’ School in Dobromyl she continued her education at Sisters’ of Immaculate Conception Private Gymnasium in Jarosławiec. After Second World War started, Nowosielecka-Dyrus took part in underground education at Sisters’ of Immaculate Conception Black Madonna of Częstochowa Private Girls’ Gymnasium and High School in Szymanów near Warsaw. After passing matura exam in 1942 she studied at Warsaw Nursing School. She finished the course on 25th of July, 1944. Ewa Nowosielecka took an active part in the Warsaw Uprising as a liaison/medic in Mokotów. She served in the “Olza” battalion of the “Baszta” regiment of Polish Home Army. After the Uprising was suppressed she, along with her patients ended up in a transition Camp in Pruszków from where she was to be transferred to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. However, she managed to escape the transport and get to her family in Kraków. In February 1945 she volunteered to work in the Polish Red Cross field hospital in Oświęcim. Afterwards, she started studying medicine at the Wrocław University and Technical University. She finished her studies in 1949, and in 1951 she got a diploma from the Doctor Department of the Medical School in Wrocław. In 1952 she was awarded the title of doctor of medicine In 1954 she got the first, and in 1957 her second degree of specialization in internal medicine as a internal diseases specialist. Professionally she was involved with health care units in Bielawa, Bytom and Tarnowskie Góry.
EN
During World War II, the Bernardine Sisters from Łowicz were involved in intense charitable activities. In the September campaign during the Battle of Bzura, the Bernardine Sisters Convent was transformed into a hospital. Sisters organized beds for patients, underwear, bedding and food. They helped Polish offi cers imprisoned in Blich (the district of Łowicz) and those who waited for the deportation to Germany. They also provided assistance to the Jews from the ghetto of Łowicz. In 1944 they freed 150 children exported from Warsaw to Germany after the Warsaw Uprising and took them to the convent. There, they organized an orphanage for children who lost parents in the war. The person who was especially involved in that kind of activity was Weronika Kempa, the author of the memoirs of that time.
EN
Ignacy Bator (1916–1944), nom de guerre “Opór” (“Resistance”) was a lieutenant of the Polish Air Force in Great Britain, participant in the Warsaw Uprising, one of the 316 Silent and Unseen – special paratroopers of the Home Army. In 1939, he took part in the defense of Poland, then he reached France, where he joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West. In 1940, he made his way to Great Britain, where he served in the air force as a shooter-radio operator in No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron and No. 138 (Special Duties) Squadron RAF. In 1942, he volunteered to serve in the Home Army in occupied Poland. After training, he was dropped to Poland on the night of January 25/26, 1943. He served in the radio communication structures of the Home Army Headquarters. As a radio operator of the Home Army, he took part in the Warsaw Uprising, during which he died in August 1944. He has been awarded many times for his service by Polish and British military decorations, incl. with the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, four times with the Cross of Valor, with the “Distinguished Flying Cross” and others.
PL
Temat powstania warszawskiego od momentu jego zaistnienia podlegał licznym manipulacjom aż do całkowitego wyeliminowania w okresie stalinowskim. Dopiero okres liberalizacji kultury oraz zmniejszenie skali „represji” GUKPPiW doprowadziły do ponownego powrotu wspomnianego zagadnienia w literaturze. Właściwa analiza skupia się na wskazaniu odniesienia cenzury do kreowanego przez autorów obrazu powstania, ale również na określeniu poprzez przykłady wybranych utworów treści akceptowanych, odrzucanych i przeinaczanych przez cenzurę. Na podstawie konfrontacji dokumentów cenzorskich z tekstem wydanych dzieł określona została nie tylko stosowana przez GUKPPiW różnorodna głębokość ingerencji, ale również wskazano metody manipulacji danymi faktami historycznymi na takich płaszczyznach jak: ukazywanie przez twórcę wewnętrznego podziału żołnierzy biorących udział w powstaniu jako waleczne „doły” i „stojące z bronią u nogi” dowództwo, określanie nastawienia autora do Armii Ludowej, I Armii Wojska Polskiego, Armii Krajowej czy Armii Radzieckiej i jej bierności podczas powstania.
EN
Right from the beginning, the subject of the Warsaw Uprising was often manipulated or even entirely erased from public discourse under the Stalinist regime. It was only after the liberalization of culture and the easing of censorship-related repressions that the said topic returned in literature. The paper focuses on the censorship bureau’s approach to the image of the Uprising presented by writers. Moreover, it attempts to specify – on the basis of specific examples – the kind of content that was accepted, rejected or amended. The juxtaposition of censors’ documents and the content of the published works allows for the examination of the depth of censors’ interventions and their methods of manipulating historical facts. Those areas of special interest include: presentation of the division among the insurgents who were supposed to belong either to the brave ordinary soldiers or the passive leadership, as well as the attitude towards the People’s Army, the First Polish Army, the Home Army or the Red Army, with special regard for its passiveness during the Uprising.
EN
The downtown of insurgent Warsaw capitulated as the last one of all the fighting districts. The article introduces the backstage of the talks between the parties fighting in the uprising. Shows an unknown story from the last days before the capitulation, concerning plans for further fighting and getting from Śródmieście to the Kampinos Forest and the areas occupied by partisans.
PL
Śródmieście powstańczej Warszawy kapitulowało jako ostatnie z walczących dzielnic. Artykuł przybliża kulisy rozmów walczących w powstaniu stron. Ukazuje nieznaną historię z ostatnich dni przed kapitulacją a dotyczącą planów dalszej walki i przedostania się ze Śródmieścia do Puszczy Kampinoskiej i terenów zajętych przez partyzantów.
EN
From False Universalism to Fetishisation of Difference. The History of the Warsaw Uprising and the Revisionist ‘Herstorical Turn’ This text is an attempt to connect the reflection on historiography and collective memory with the perspective of gender studies regarding historical writings on the Warsaw Uprising. The article tracks the various stages or ‘ideal types’ of professional and popular historiography and memory of the Warsaw Uprising seen from the perspective of the visibility and position of women: false universalism of a large part of professional historiography of the uprising and the resulting invisibility of women and their experience in historical works; compensatory works that fill the ‘white spots’ of classical historiography, treating the history of women as a mere addition to the history of World War II; as well as the recent ‘herstorical turn’, characterised by a growing interest in women and the distinctiveness of their experiences. The article concludes with a reflection on the theoretical and methodological pitfalls of the ‘herstorical turn’ and attempts to put the phenomenon in broader socio-political context of current cultural wars in Poland.
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