Subjective security (security of a subject) is a state of a subject, his potential and abilities of adequate reaction to hazards as well as an issue of protecting a subject from any hazards. The first scientific analyses of security issue have been known for eighty years now, however, formally science on security as an academic subject was registered (in Poland) just in 2011, in a new distinguished area and field of social science. Science is an intentional activity of man aimed at exploring the world we live in. Scientific knowledge is based on searching constant relations between facts (colloquial knowledge restricts to occasional relations).
The mutual relations between theory (seen as a set of theoretical statements) and empiricism is of special importance, especially in pedagogics. Why? Since pedagogics is immersed in practice, everyday reality and the mundane. The author focuses his reflections on the observation of an insufficient use of the theoretical potential by contemporary social sciences. Obviously, this is accompanied by the insufficient use of the research potential, which in turn deepens the stagnation in the field of theory. The author takes into account the classical approaches to theory with its relations with empiricism and moreover indicates contemporary exemplifications of this state of affairs. He moreover claims that research results are inadequately linked to theoretical reflection and indicates the similarities and differences in this respect in the field of social sciences.
The paper is a new edition of a Part Four of A Philosophy of Practicality. A treatise on the Philosophy of Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1st edition: Helsinki 1992). The text is devoted to the methodology of practical sciences and terminological issues, including the very notion of practical disciplines (or sciences/arts), the concepts of design (project) and design-making, and the specificity of scientific statements in this research area. The subject of the discussion is, in particular, Kotarbiński’s concepts presented in the chapter „Practical knowledge” (Part V, Chapter 5) of the opus Gnosiology.
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Tekst stanowi nowe wydanie czwartej części traktatu A Philosophy of Practicality. A Treatise on the Philosophy of Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1. publ.: Helsinki, 1992, w ramach serii „Acta Philosophica Fennica”). Poświęcony jest metodologii nauk praktycznych oraz zagadnieniom terminologicznym, w tym pojęciu dyscyplin praktycznych (lub nauk/umiejętności), pojęciom projektu i projektowania oraz specyfice zdań naukowych formułowanych w ramach dyscyplin praktycznych. Omawiane i rozwijane są w szczególności koncepcje Kotarbińskiego przedstawione w rozdziale „Wiedza praktyczna” (cz. V, rozdz. 5) dzieła Elementy teorii poznania, logiki formalnej i metodologii nauk (w przekł ang.: Gnosiology). Traktat Wojciecha Gasparskiego ukazał się również w języku polskim w książce: Filozofia praktyczności. Traktat o filozofii Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego oraz similaria, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN 2021 (część czwarta: s. 101–114).
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