Celem artykułu jest próba zaprezentowania najważniejszych cech człowieka w este-tycznym stadium życia w myśli S. Kierkegaarda. Zostały ujawnione trzy osobliwe kwestie wraz z niezbędnym kontekstem dla zrozumienia oryginalności przesłania duńskiego filozofa. Esteta kieruje się ku prawdzie, którą Kierkegaard przyjmuje jako prawdę subiektywną, prawdę osoby w sensie egzystencjalnym, trudną do wyrażenia i przekazania drugiemu. Głównym celem estety jest piękno, któremu Kierkegaard nadał wymiar dialektyczny. Ostatnim akcentem tego artykułu jest wskazanie na dialogową strukturę zmysłowego i duchowego uwodzenia, któremu poddawany jest esteta.
EN
The aim of this article is the presentation of the most important features of man within the aesthetic stage of life as presented by S. Kierkegaard. Three peculiar issues have been exposed, including the necessary context for understanding the originality of the Danish philosopher. Aesthete is guided by the truth that Kierkegaard accepts as a subjective truth, the truth of the person in the existential sense, is difficult to express and communicate to the other. The main purpose of aesthete is the beauty to which Kierkegaard gave a dialectical dimension. The final theme of this article is the dialogical structure of sensual and spiritual seduction to which the aesthetics of beauty is subjected.
The contemporary truth which applies to journalists (as required by the Council of Europe standards and domestic law) reflects differences between the essence and criterion of Aristotelian truth (material truth – veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus – ad Aristotle, The Metaphysics IV.7. [1011b 26‒27]), and its practical implementation (objective truth – in medio stat veritas – ad Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics II.7. [1108a 19‒20]). A journalist is obliged to reconstruct the objective truth (the truth ascertainable by a man who meets the Roman law standard of diligentia boni patris familias, here referred to as diligence expected of a responsible journalist) and not the material truth. Nonetheless, a substantial discrepancy between this journalistic truth and the material truth will constitute a sufficient reason for statutory rectification. As regards the assessing statements, as well as the satirical ones, the proof of truth is only required if the assessment is a conclusion derived from descriptive statements, i.e. the factual basis, and that conclusion must be logical (proportional and therefore just). Satire may not contain words commonly considered as offensive. If a satirical statement is to enjoy the legal protection, it cannot amount to a mere personal attack. Regardless of the fact that satire is a negative assessment and an exaggerated one, it must derive from application of facts, meaning that it must reflect the reality and in that sense it can neither attack human dignity nor contain any discriminatory statements, as confirmed by the latest case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Analogical conclusions can be reached upon reading the works of Romanian satirists, for instance Horace.
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