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Filozofia praw podmiotowych

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EN
Rights are one of the fundamental concepts in philosophy of law, ethics, and political philosophy. However, in Polish language the general research on rights has been neglected. Most of the scholars are concerned with the specific kinds of rights (e.g. human rights, constitutional rights) and not rights as a basic philosophical concept. This article investigates the differences between Polish and English theoretical discourses on rights. It stresses the philosophical importance of this concepts and outlines the crucial issues that have to addressed.
PL
Prawa podmiotowe (ang. rights) są jednym z czołowych pojęć w anglosaskiej filozofii prawa, filozofii politycznej i etyce. Polski dyskurs filozoficzny zajmuje się najczęściej szczegółowymi problemami lub typami praw podmiotowych (prawa człowieka, prawa konstytucyjne), brakuje natomiast refleksji filozoficznej nad prawami podmiotowymi w ogólności. Refleksję taką można odnaleźć w piśmiennictwie cywilistycznym i konstytucjonalistycznym. W artykule wskazano na różnice w polskim i angielskim dyskursie na temat praw podmiotowych, starano się połączyć różne obszary refleksji nad tymi prawami (w szczególności prawa, etyki i polityki) oraz wskazano na ich filozoficzny potencjał i zasadnicze kwestie problemowe.
EN
In his article, the author asks the question to what extent considerations in the field of axiology regarding the relationship between law and morality can be useful for the development of the legal-philosophical trend known as legal aesthetics, where the subject of interest is, most generally, the relationship between law and beauty. The starting point for reflections is the issue of axiology in the context of the works left by Józef Nowacki, including, first of all, his article “Valuing in the science of law”. Thus, the subject of the article is axiology, but in a sense that covers both ethics and aesthetics. The author distinguishes four types of description used by legal science: normative description, empirical description, theoretical description and – distinguished by the author – axiological description, which can be justified within the framework of axiological subjectivism. It involves evaluating values and either adding or subtracting them, as well as valuing, that is, comparing and weighing values. The author considers what inspiration in this regard can be drawn from axiological inquiries in general, and Nowacki’s works in particular.
PL
Autor stawia pytanie, w jakim stopniu rozważania z zakresu aksjologii dotyczące relacji prawa i moralności mogą być przydatne dla rozwijania nurtu filozoficznoprawnego określanego mianem estetyki prawa, gdzie przedmiotem zainteresowania są – najogólniej rzecz biorąc – relacje prawa i piękna. Punktem wyjścia do rozważań jest zagadnienie aksjologii w kontekście prac pozostawionych przez Józefa Nowackiego, w tym przede wszystkim artykułu pt. „Wartościowanie w nauce prawa”. Przedmiotem artykułu jest więc aksjologia, ale w znaczeniu, które obejmuje zarówno etykę, jak i estetykę. Autor rozróżnia cztery rodzaje opisu, jakimi posługują się nauki prawne: opis normatywny, empiryczny, teoretyczny i – wyróżniony przez autora – opis aksjologiczny, który może być uzasadniany w ramach subiektywizmu aksjologicznego. Polega on na ocenie wartości i ich przydawaniu albo odejmowaniu, a także wartościowaniu, czyli porównywaniu i ważeniu wartości. Autor rozważa, co w tym zakresie inspirującego mogą podpowiadać dociekania aksjologiczne w ogólności, a prace J. Nowackiego w szczególności.
PL
The paper aims to study the work of Leon Petrazycki and analyze modern Ukrainian scholars’ opinions on Petrazycki’s scientific achievements. This study focuses on Petrazycki’s work, his psychological theory, in particular, in view of our own perspective on the law and within the framework of our theological and sociological theory, which considers the law as a social life phenomenon and regards moral imperative of the Almighty God as the basis of law. Every civilization communicates moral imperative through sacred writings (the Ten Commandments in Christian Bible, six hundred and seven rules in Jewish Torah, seventy-two rules in Muslim Quran). It is within the framework of this moral imperative that the society and the state develop the law. The paper addresses the modern absurdity and at the same time antinomy of law, lying in the fact that there is more and more law in the society but less and less law in life of an individual due to the fact that states rapidly upscale rulemaking, but laws are becoming less accessible to an individual. This study draws on conceptual issues of Petrazycki’s theoretical heritage, fundamental principles of his psychological theory, as well as connection between law and morality, described by Petrazycki, which are the spiritual heritage of society. The most important issues of Petrazycki’s work, in our opinion, are studying the nature of law, balance of emotion and intellect, official and intuitive, desirable and actual components in law, as well as subjective and objective law, law policy and power. The paper reveals that assessment of Petrazycki’s work in modern Ukrainian legal studies is ambivalent: from sharply critical (Prof. P. Rabinovich), compliant with Russian (O. Timoshina (St. Petersburg)) approach and critical yet positive perception of Petrazycki’s psychological theory (S. Maksymov, O. Merezhko, M. Kuz, O. Stovba) to admiration for Petrazycki’s genius, whose work was ahead of his time (I. Bezklubyi, N. Huralenko, V. Dudchenko, O. Rohach, M. Savchyn, V. Tymoshenko). Thus, the research findings suggest that Petrazycki’s work belongs not only to the past, but also to the present and future of jurisprudence, sociology, psychology, economics. Further in-depth analysis of Petrazycki’s heritage will contribute to more accurate diagnosis of urgent legal issues in social development of modern Ukraine, real assertion of personocentrism as a postulate of contemporary theoretical jurisprudence and guidelines for public authorities, as well as practical solution to many controversial scientific and legal issues.
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