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EN
In the present paper, we argue that the shape of any respectable demand curve must be monotonic (non-increasing). By doing so, we follow the footsteps of Murray Rothbard, who regarded the demand curve as derived from the law of diminishing marginal utility. However, our caveat is that the horizontal axis must represent the units of the same economic good. Equipped with the notion of the same economic good, we also argue that Giffen or Veblen goods do not pose any real problem for analysis. Rather, they behave as any other good — that is the demand curve for them is also (and necessarily) downward sloping.
PL
The accurate interpretation of Hans-Hermann Hoppe’s argumentation ethics inevitably leads to the conclusion that appropriation of creative works ought to be rejected since only tangibles can and need to be owned for artistic conceptions are ideal, not-scarce (non-excludable and non-rivalrous) objects. Moreover, their ownership would inevitably lead to a conflict over titles to their exemplars. Incorporeal rights are thus inconsistent with both the praxeological axiom and absoluteness of negative rights. Hence, an attempt to introduce “artificial scarcity” through positive copyright law is unethical. It disregards the fundamental rules of any rational ethics: universality (equality before the law) and operationality (suitability for mankind survival) because it interferes with the propertarian axiom of self-ownership and the principle of non-aggression. Therefore, a property in artistic conceptions is neither rationally feasible nor indispensable and entails self-contradiction of any deontological theory based on rules of praxeology.
PL
The accurate interpretation of Hans-Hermann Hoppe’s argumentation ethics inevitably leads to the conclusion that appropriation of creative works ought to be rejected since only tangibles can and need to be owned for artistic conceptions are ideal, not-scarce (non-excludable and non-rivalrous) objects. Moreover, their ownership would inevitably lead to a conflict over titles to their exemplars. Incorporeal rights are thus inconsistent with both the praxeological axiom and absoluteness of negative rights. Hence, an attempt to introduce “artificial scarcity” through positive copyright law is unethical. It disregards the fundamental rules of any rational ethics: universality (equality before the law) and operationality (suitability for mankind survival) because it interferes with the propertarian axiom of self-ownership and the principle of non-aggression. Therefore, a property in artistic conceptions is neither rationally feasible nor indispensable and entails self-contradiction of any deontological theory based on rules of praxeology.
EN
Work productivity is of crucial importance to all employers regardless of what solutions they use, traditional or flexible ones. Most human resource management programs are oriented on HR tools that are favourable for employee efficiency, and hence on organizational effectiveness and productivity. When examining different psychological variables that are relevant in psychology of work and organization, popularity and productivity prove to be vital, since this variable correlates with all the remaining psychological dimensions due to continuous and intensive search for ways to improve efficiency in the work place. This article presents the results of the research carried out on n=2118 a-typical employees.
PL
Local governments act based on and within legal boundaries . They realize objectives which stem from law as well . In order for law to facilitate the actual realization of specific objectives, when designing and executing it, a rational legislator ought to take into account praxeological principles . The principles influence the division of tasks and allocation of competences to proper local government bodies . As a result, they contribute to their efficient operation, shape structures the bodies function in, and determine the ways these structures operate in .
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EN
Nozick (1977) was a critique of the view of Austrian economics which rejected the notion of indifference in human action. This author claimed that this stance was incompatible with the notion of the supply of a good, and, also, with diminishing marginal utility, both of which were strongly supported by this praxeological school of thought. Block (1980) was an attempt to rescue the Austrian school from this brilliant intellectual challenge. Hoppe (2005; 2009) rejected Nozick’s challenge, and, also, Block’s (1980) response. Block (2009a) and Block and Barnett (2010), defended Block’s (1980) analysis of indifference. The latest contribution to this ongoing discussion is Wysocki (2021) who maintains that Hoppe was correct in his rejection of Nozick, while Block was not. The present paper is a rejoinder to Wysocki (2021).  
EN
The article presents key assumptions of the research paradigm of the Austrian School of Economics (ASE), pointing to their logical cohesion and interdependence, and then highlights the key differences between ASE and Keynesian economics and monetarism. The article starts with methodological considerations; in ASE approach economics is praxeology, a science of purposeful human action, and methodological individualism – looking at economic actions from the point of view of the acting man – is a basic feature of the Austrian method. The axiom of purposeful action is extended using verbal deduction, which allows to build a whole system of economic statements. The ASE approach to economic goods, and their role in the economic system is highlighted then, which leads to the conclusion that in a free, unhampered market economy the key determinant of allocation of resources and income in the economy are decisions of the consumer. The key elements of the Mises monetary theory are then discussed, including the regulatory role of interest rate. These considerations lead to displaying of mechanics of Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT), where the key driving force behind business fluctuations are interventions into the regulatory mechanism of interest rate via credit expansion. The following part of the text highlights the key similarities and differences between ASE and economics of Keynes and monetarism. The key critique of ASE vs. Keynes’ theory regards the interest rate mechanism (concept of liquidity preference), which – in his theory - was devoid of its role of intertemporal coordination. Another point of critique is too high a level of aggregation (of economic data), which – according to Hayek (as well as many other members of ASE) does not allow to see critically important interdependencies in economic phenomena. The critique of monetarism is based on Bellante and Garrison, who pointed to numerous similarities between the two approaches, which stem from putting monetary considerations in the center of attention. When it comes to the differences, monetarism puts different mechanism of monetary impulse’s impact on the economy. It is hard for conclusive, quantitative verdict on the merits of these methodologies, due to lack of relevant statistical data. The article concludes with pointing out to the elements of ASE paradigm that could be especially interesting in the context of the current economic crisis, as well as in the context of crisis in ”mainstream” economic theory. According to the author of this article, methodological individualism of ASE could be a very interesting concept. One example of that could be the development of “economics of complexity”, which perceives acting agents in a way which is very similar to ASE, and at the same time shares several other key methodological assumptions.
EN
The effectiveness and the efficiency of the pension system is a problem that is not frequently mentioned in scientific writing, especially in its praxeological context. The objective of the article is to present the concept of the praxeological approach to assessment of the pension system. The first part of the article presents the objectives of the pension system. In the second part the praxeological approach to the assessment of pension system is discussed. The third part includes the definition and the multidimensional characteristics of the effectiveness and efficiency of the pension system. In the fourth part the concept of the measurement of effectiveness and efficiency with the use of multidimensional statistical analysis is proposed.
EN
Austrians are the Rodney Dangerfields of economics. We can’t get no respect. Why not? On an intellectual level, our adherence for the necessary a posteriori (often termed synthetic a priori) is strongly off putting to the majority of this profession, who are in thrall to logical positivism, which adamantly rejects this type of claim. There are also divergences as regards the causes and cures for the business cycle, anti-trust, market failures such as public goods, externalities and utility. From an economic self-interest level, were this praxeological school ever to take root within the dismal science, thousands of jobs would be lost and salaries would be greatly lowered. It may be that for both of these reasons, Austrianism is deemed a “cult”. We argue that Austrian economics is far more based on modern mathematics and physics than is mainstream economics.
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2017
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vol. 27
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issue 1
5-19
EN
A praxeological approach has been proposed in order to improve a forecasting process through the employment of the forecast value added (FVA) analysis. This may be interpreted as a manifestation of lean management in forecasting. The author discusses the concepts of the effectiveness and efficiency of forecasting. The former, defined in the praxeology as the degree to which goals are achieved, refers to the accuracy of forecasts. The latter reflects the relation between the benefits accruing from the re-sults of forecasting and the costs incurred in this process. Since measuring the benefits accruing from a forecasting is very difficult, a simplification according to which this benefit is a function of the fore-cast accuracy is proposed. This enables evaluating the efficiency of the forecasting process. Since im-proving this process may consist of either reducing forecast error or decreasing costs, FVA analysis, which expresses the concept of lean management, may be applied to reduce the waste accompanying forecasting.
PL
Gwałtowane przemiany otoczenia Polski wymuszają podejmowanie działań systemowych w obszarze bezpieczeństwa państwa. Niezbędne jest zatem spojrzenie na bezpieczeństwo państwa oraz system bezpieczeństwa przez pryzmat prakseologii
EN
Rapid changes in the Polish environment require systemic actions in the area of state security. Therefore, a praxeological view on the security of the state and its security system is necessary
PL
Zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem jest istotną działalnością państwa zapewniającą mu istnienie, rozwój i realizację własnych interesów. Szczególnym rodzajem zarządzania bezpieczeństwem jest zarządzanie kryzysowe, definiowane jako szczególny rodzaj działalności organów administracji publicznej, będące elementem kierowania bezpieczeństwem narodowym, które polega na zapobieganiu sytuacjom kryzysowym, przygotowaniu do przejmowania nad nimi kontroli w drodze zaplanowanych działań, reagowaniu w przypadku wystąpienia sytuacji kryzysowych, usuwaniu ich skutków oraz odtwarzaniu zasobów i infrastruktury krytycznej. Zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem państwa jest zagadnieniem zajmującym istotne miejsce w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz stanowiącym ważne pole rozważań ekspertów i badaczy zajmujących się bezpieczeństwem państwa
EN
Security management is an important activity of the state ensuring its existence, development and realization of its own interests. A special type of safety management is crisis management, defined as a specific type of activity of public administration bodies that is part of national security management, which consists in preventing crisis situations, preparing to take control over them through planned actions, responding to emergencies, removing their effects and restoring critical resources and infrastructure. The management of state security is an issue that occupies an important place in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland and constitutes an important field of consideration for experts and researchers dealing with state security.
EN
The subject of the article is the Rothbardian criticism of state interventionism in economy — specifically its binary variant. We will describe taxation and its various kinds (e.g. sales tax, income tax, corporate income tax, consumption tax), idea of progressive taxation and the concept of a neutral tax, and also the vision of a so-called fair tax. Binary intervention also includes wealth distribution, such as public spending and transfer payments, affecting real and consumption spending, with all the effects associated with social and welfare state activity. Along the teachings of Rothbard we will consider whether binary intervention is justifi ed from the point of view of praxeology and utility.
EN
This paper presents the problem of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), organized in 2020 on the basis of 15 states (Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, Laos, Malaisia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam). The USA and India are not members of this Partnership. There are a number of problems ‘in statu nascendi’, such as the question of the ownership of submarine reserves of oil and gas in the South- and Eastchinese Seas. The problems of the Partnership are presented in a wider, global context.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problem Regionalnego Kompleksowego Partnerstwa Gospodarczego (RCEP), które utworzono w 2020 roku na bazie 15 państw (Australia, Brunei, Kambodża, ChRL, Indonezja, Japonia, Laos, Malezja, Mjanma, Nowa Zelandia, Filipiny, Singapur, Korea Południowa, Tajlandia i Wietnam). Obecnie umowa jest na etapie ratyfikacji. Do RCEP nie należą USA, które, podobnie jak i Indie, wycofały się z negocjacji. W organizacji tej istnieje sporo problemów spornych – in statu nascendi (m.in. kwestia własności złóż surowców energetycznych pod Morzami Wschodnio- i Południowochińskim). W tekście tym podjęto próbę przedstawienia problemu RCEP w szerszym, globalnym kontekście.
EN
This paper presents some reflections on the so-called “political correctness”, “group thinking” and related problems in the light of praxeology, which deals, inter alia, with factors increasing or/and decreasing efficiency, efficacity of human actions/activities such as decision making.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kilka refleksji na temat tzw. politycznej poprawności, grupowego myślenia i pokrewnych problemów. Prakseologia zajmuje się, między innymi, czynnikami zwiększającymi lub/i zmniejszającymi efektywność działań ludzkich, np. podejmowania decyzji.
EN
Pierre Bourdieu and Tadeusz Kotarbiński were materialists. Nevertheless, the French social researcher and subsequently the thinker was a permanently epistemological ma-terialist (he questioned and many times reconstructed his own projects). He researched human behavior in a manner that was surely certain, stripped of even minimal trust in the durability of the findings, questioning how much it could make sense - the significance of the results ob-tained. Tadeusz Kotarbiński, on the other hand, turned to historical-dialectical materialism as a theory of social being supported by the attitude of a scientific atheist, seeking supremacy of the truth and a world of permanent certainty. Thanks to this combination we can show the meth-odological dilemmas of praxeology. For Kotarbiński praxiology is a spontaneous normative science. For Bourdieu praxeology reveals itself from the pressure of axiology – the instinct of possession and becomes part of the sociological analysis of activities (including communica-tion activities).
PL
Pierre Bourdieu i Tadeusz Kotarbiński byli materialistami. Niemniej to francuski badacz społeczny i – w następnej kolejności – myśliciel był materialistą permanent-nie epistemologicznym (kwestionował i po wielokroć rekonstruował także własne projekty). Ludzkie zachowania badał w trybie nieufności, bez aufania do trwałości ustaleń, kwestio-nując, na ile mogło to przynieść sens, znaczenie otrzymywanych wyników. Natomiast Tade-usz Kotarbiński, charakteryzujący się postawą ateisty naukowego, traktował materializm hi-storyczno-dialektyczny w kontekście teorii bytu społecznego, poszukując supremacji prawdy oraz świata trwałej pewności. Owo zestawienie pozwala przedstawić metodologiczne dylematy prakseologii. Dla Kotarbińskiego prakseologia jest samoistną nauką normatywną, dla Bourdieu zaś ujawnia się spod presji aksjologii – instynktu posiadania, stając się częścią socjologicznej analizy działań (w tym działań komunikacyjnych).
EN
The article describes works of Lon L. Fuller and John Finnis as a general attempt to modernise the doctrine of natural law based on universal principles of rationalism. The achievements of the authors allowed to bridge the divide between positivism and iusnaturalism as well as to set a new goal-oriented perspective in the establishment and application of law. A comparison of primary views on internal values of the law in theories of both authors shows a basic similarity of their looking at reason as a substructure and a versatile directive for the statutory law. An especially significant issue is the question of the purposefulness of the law and the paradigm of rational legislation. Their application makes it possible to study law through the perspective of classic praxeology. Pragmatic understanding of the principles of rational law and the admission of the diversity of ethical sources are views shared by both authors who at the same time allow non-metaphysical postulates of the natural law to be treated as the main guarantors of the effectiveness of the legal system in modern society.
PL
W artykule opisano prace Lona L. Fullera i Johna Finnisa jako próbę zmodernizowania doktryny prawa natury w oparciu o uniwersalne zasady racjonalizmu. Dorobek autorów nie tylko pozwolił na zasypanie podziału między pozytywizmem a jusnaturalizmem, lecz także wyznaczył nową celowościową perspektywę w stanowieniu i stosowaniu prawa. Porównanie podstawowych poglądów obu teoretyków na wewnętrzne wartości prawa pozwala doszukiwać się podobieństw w sposobie traktowania rozumu jako fundamentu prawa natury i uniwersalnej wytycznej dla zasad prawa stanowionego. Istotną wartością staje się zagadnienie celowości prawa oraz paradygmat racjonalnego prawodawcy. Ich użycie pozwala na analizę teorii prawa przez pryzmat zasad klasycznej prakseologii. Pragmatyczne rozumienie zasad racjonalnego prawa oraz dopuszczenie różnorodności źródeł etycznych leżących u podstaw prawa łączą obu autorów, pozwalając jednocześnie traktować niemetafizyczne postulaty prawa natury jako główne gwaranty efektywności systemu prawa we współczesnym społeczeństwie.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie teoretycznej dyskusji wokół pojęcia "innowacja". Znaczenie innowacji zostanie zarazem omówione w odniesieniu do koncepcji mających swoje podwaliny w ekonomii, jak i filozofii czy antropologii społecznej. Punktem wyjścia do dyskusji na temat rozumienia innowacji we współczesnym świecie będzie teoria wzrostu wraz z koncepcjami zaproponowanymi przez Josepha Schumpetera i szkołę harwardzką. Następnie innowacja zostanie zaprezentowana na tle determinizmu technologicznego ze wskazaniem na czołowych przedstawicieli kierunku (William Ogburn, Daniel Bell, Thorstein Veblen). Z kolei ostatnie z zaproponowanych w dyskusji ujęć odniesie innowację do prakseologicznej teorii czynu oraz do rozumowania antropologicznego. Dzięki temu zabiegowi innowacja "zostanie przeniesiona w ręce użytkownika", stając się tym samym przedmiotem doświadczenia człowieka. Ostatecznie zatem zaproponowana tu dyskusja stanowi próbę zbudowania pomostu między gospodarczym a społecznym ujęciem innowacji, tj. między światem techniki i zysku a rzeczywistością ludzkich potrzeb i doświadczeń. Przyjętą metodą analizy w podjętej tu pracy będą studia literaturowe zmierzające w kierunku rekonstrukcji socjologicznej teorii innowacji.
EN
The main purpose of the article is to present theoretical discussion about the notions "innovation". The meaning of innovation will be discussed in reference to economic concepts as well as philosophy and social anthropology. The starting point in discussion about understanding the innovation in contemporary world will be the theory of economic growth and the concepts proposed by Joseph Schumpeter and Harvard’s school. Next the innovation will be presented in relation to the technical determinism. In this part of article, theory created by William Ogburn, Daniel Bell and Thorstein Veblen will be presented. The last, proposed in the discussion, approach refers the domain "innovation" to philosophical theory of phraseology and anthropology. Finally, thanks to this, the innovation "will be given in the hands of the user," being at the same time the subject of human experience. Therefore, the discussion will become an attempt to build a bridge between the economic and the social recognition of innovation. Method of analysis is literature studies confiding towards the reconstruction of sociological theory of innovation.
PL
Prakseologia stworzona przez T. Kotarbińskiego była wyjątkowym osiągnięciem polskiej szkoły filozoficznej XX wieku. Poszukiwanie uzasadnień dla sprawnego działania odnosiło się do każdego świadomego i celowego funkcjonowania człowieka. Również zagadnienia etyczne stanowiły dla T. Kotarbińskiego istotny wymiar egzystencji osoby, szczególnie w odniesieniu do innych. Pomimo upływu czasu racjonalne założenia prakseologii mogą być i współcześnie punktem odniesienia dla założeń etycznych i zarządczych w nowoczesnej firmie. Wartości prezentowane przez jednostkę mogą przyczyniać się do osiągnięcia wymiernego sukcesu każdego przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The praxeology created by T. Kotarbiński was exceptional achieving the Polish philosophical school of the 20th century. Seeking grounds for efficient action referred to every deliberate and intentional human activity. Ethical issues also constituted for essential T. Kotarbiński dimension of existence of the person, particularly in the reference to other. In spite of the passage of time rational assumptions of these ethics can be a point of reference in our times for ethical and managerial assumptions in the modern company. Values presented by the person can contribute to achieve the measurable success of every company.
EN
Background. The aim of the study was to describe models of the efficiency of basketball players playing at different positions in the top sports teams based on observation in direct elimination matches of the 2010 World Championships. Material and methods. An observation method was used in the study. Data was recorded on the authors’ observation sheets. Activity, efficiency and reliability during both offensive and defensive actions were subject to this examination. The play of basketball players was analysed in 7 basketball direct elimination matches of the World Championships. Results. It was revealed that most actions of the point guard (taking into account activity and efficiency) are aimed at handling and passing the ball, creating scoring opportunities and executing 3-point throws. 3 points are also often scored by the shooting guard and the power forward. On the other hand – the center and the power forward are especially active in creating scoring opportunities and in scoring 2 points. The power forward, the small forward, the shooting guard and the point guard prevent from losing 3 points. In the actions preparing for the situation to score a point and in actions preventing situations to score a point players of different positions perform a similar activity of action. Conclusions. Detailed analysis of actions applied in the game may indicate differences in the performance among players of different positions, implying the appropriate selection of individual training.
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